Abstract
Feeding conditions and energy status, communicated by the parallel and complementary Amino acid sensing, TOR and insulin pathways, determine the go or no-go for progeny reproduction in insects. In the adult, in addition to the genetic cell specific gender imprint, Juvenile Hormone and ecdysteroids, main hormonal actors during pre-adult development, are re-used as regulators of reproduction. Molecular evidences indicate functional threshold values for either hormone being decisive in proceeding or arresting the production of yolky eggs. Depending upon the species, either Juvenile Hormone or 20-OH-ecdysone acts as positive regulator whereas the other usually becomes a negative balancer. Accordingly, neurosecretory hormones, including gonadotropins and gonadostatins regulate their release and interaction. Metabolic regulators, as corpora cardiaca derived Adipokinetic hormones, or ovarian hormones as Trypsin Modulating Oöstatic factors interfere in reproduction by affecting availability and use of circulating amino acid building blocks. Importantly, males when needed for fertilization, in addition to sperm, deliver endocrine factors as Sex-peptide and Ovulin or even Juvenile hormone and 2O-OH-ecdysone that affect both the female reproductive physiology and post-mating behavior.
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