Abstract
Occurrence of d-amino acids in living organisms is a useful indicator of various changes, diseases, or disorders. Determination of amino acid enantiomers, namely the enantiomeric ratio of amino acids or excess of certain d-amino acids, represents a useful tool in the studies of aging processes or biomarkers in disease/disorder diagnosis in humans. The amount of d-amino acids is usually very low. Therefore, suitable sample pretreatment, often derivatization, and highly selective and sensitive separation methods are essential for d-amino acid analysis in this field. Chromatographic techniques offer appropriate choices for solving these tasks. This review covers the advances in methodology and development of improved instrumental chromatographic methods focused on d,l-amino acid separation and determination. New findings in the area of possible d-amino acid biomarkers are also included.
Highlights
It was believed that the proteins in living organisms are composed exclusively of acids (AAs)
This review article gives an overview of the application of AA enantiomeric ratio and/or acids contents for determination of age at death and as possible biomarkers of various
The improvement in chromatographic methods suitable for the determination chiral AAs in biological samples is described in detail
Summary
It was believed that the proteins in living organisms are composed exclusively of acids (AAs). Among methods used for or humans, new which a useful and irreplaceable tool in the possible studies of aging processes the biomarkers enantioselective separation/determination of AAs in different matrices, gas chromatography in disease/disorder diagnosis. Any molecule that is inverted during this step automatically becomes labeled with deuterium and differing by one mass unit, is detected by MS This method differentiates D-isomers formed during protein acid hydrolysis from the initial contribution of the sample. The reliability of age estimation based on Asp enantiomeric ratio from different tissues depends on the methods of sample preservation, preparation, and analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography methods for the determination and analysis of disease biomarkers including some chiral methods for AAs were clearly reviewed [41]. Alzheimer’s disease brain brain cerebrospinal fluid brain brain plasma serum serum serum plasma, serum [48]
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