Empirical Analysis of Feature Reduction in Deep Learning and Conventional Methods for Foot Image Classification

Abstract

Deep learning algorithms are employed in many applications, especially in medical fields such as gait analysis and human pose detection for rehabilitation. However, creating the desired model with deep learning algorithms requires high memory and computing costs, which is problematic because deep learning technologies must be run on low-power devices such as edge computing equipment. To deal with these problems, feature reduction methods reduce the memory and energy costs. This paper presents an empirical analysis of deep learning with feature reduction. The method classifies foot images for knee rehabilitation using convolutional and dense autoencoders. The obtained results are compared with those of conventional methods (histograms of oriented gradients and local binary pattern algorithms). The features were classified and compared using support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and multilayer perceptron methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the conventional method uses fewer features than the deep learning method with higher accuracy because its algorithm projects pixels onto the histogram. In addition, using fewer features in deep learning layers maintains high accuracy, which is beneficial for edge computing implementations.