Abstract
Cancer has been one of the deadliest diseases for several decades and there is no precise and standard treatment option available up to date. Statistical data indicate that cancer has been one of the principal reasons for mortality worldwide. Although most of the novel techniques assist in the acceleration of cancer research, the available anticancer therapy does not exhibit expected success rates. This is due to a lack of understanding about the root cause of the disease, which can be accomplished by studying different types of tumors and the effects of various anti-cancer agents on the tumors. These studies require various in vitro study models which can mimic real, in vivo cancers. Conventional experimental models such as animal models, two-dimensional (2D) cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are key models in cancer study but they have some shortcomings that are overcome by three-dimensional (3D), in-vitro tumor organoids derived from embryonic, induced pluripotent, or adult stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs, ASCs respectively). These organoid models closely recapitulate the original tumor present in vivo and thereby benefit in studying the development of cancer, efficacy, and safety of various anti-cancer agents, drug development, personalized therapy, low and high throughput screening. As a result, 3D organoids are becoming more successful experimental models over conventional 2D models. Therefore, this review emphasizes the effectiveness of organoid models in cancer study, their method of preparation, advantages and applications, drawbacks with solutions to address, followed by a brief outline on 4D organoids (assembloids), and future perspectives.
Highlights
Cancer is a very complicated disorder and the 2nd main cause of mortality globally [1]
Many conventional methods, such as two-dimensionally cultured cells, explants, organ-on-a-chip systems, and animal testing are critical for studying cancer biology but these models may fail to recapitulate the characteristics of the original tumor
The graph indicates that the success rate of organoids is greater than that of conventional study models used for cancer research like 2D cell lines or patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and it's becoming a more reliable cancer study model over other traditional study models
Summary
Cancer is a very complicated disorder and the 2nd main cause of mortality globally [1]. Clinical strategies to control and monitor precancerous indications, improved understanding regarding smoking and other wellness behaviors, and therapeutically oriented tumor studies have all contributed to a 26% decrease in cancer mortality rates over the last two decades. Even after this advancement, cancer remains the leading reason for mortality. As we move closer to a cancer cure, it is becoming clear that evidence from several preclinical trials and research work doesn't always work out in actual cases Many conventional methods, such as two-dimensionally cultured cells, explants, organ-on-a-chip systems, and animal testing are critical for studying cancer biology but these models may fail to recapitulate the characteristics of the original tumor. This review starts by explaining the pros and cons of the model systems currently being used in tumor research, thereby shifting onto the discussion of tumor cell-derived organoid models, along with their significance in cancer research, and emphasizing its benefits such as possible use in personalized medicinal therapy, drawbacks, and future prospects
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