EMPAT PULUH SATU JUTA PENDUDUK INDONESIA MENGALAMI DEFISIT ENERGI

The question of methodical approach to the distribution of total technological energy consumption between separate kinds of outputs of multi-product manufacture is considered. Such ferrous metallurgy industries include blast furnace process, oxygen, energy, and coke production. The theoretical basis of proposed methodological provisions is Hess's law on thermochemical reactions and its consequences. For manufactures where the products correspond to the types of energy resources and have calorific value, the distribution of energy consumption is carried out according to the weighty volumes of types of products and their heat of combustion (for example, coke production). For industries that have multi-product manufacture of non-combustible products, the distribution of energy consumption between products is based on the weighty volumes of products and their heat capacity (for example, blast furnace iron production). In accordance with the proposed methodological provisions, we present calculation formulas for determining the distribution of total technological energy consumption for separate types of coke and blast furnace production. The results calculations of energy consumption are presented separately for coke, coke-oven gas, and chemical products of coke manufacture as well as for cast iron and furnace slag for blast furnace production. Calculations show a significant reduction of the energy consumption of coke, with regard for the distribution of energy consumption for individual outputs of coke production (by 27.2%) and pig iron in blast furnace production (a decrease in 31.8%.). The proposed methodological provisions for the distribution of total technological energy consumption between separate types of outputs of multi-product industries can be used in such manufactures of oil refining and chemical industry, in the processing industry, in particular, in the production of dairy products, etc. Keywords: energy consumption, multi-product manufacture, coke, coke-oven gas, cast iron, slag, heat of combustion

Probability distributions of money, income and energy consumption per capita are studied for ensembles of economic agents. The principle of entropy maximization for partitioning of a limited resource gives exponential distributions for the investigated variables. A non-equilibrium difference of money temperatures between different systems generates net fluxes of money and population. To describe income distribution, a stochastic process with additive and multiplicative components is introduced. The resultant distribution interpolates between exponential at the low end and power law at the high end, in agreement with the empirical data for the USA. We show that the increase in income inequality in the USA originates primarily from the increase in the income fraction going to the upper tail, which now exceeds 20% of the total income. Analyzing the data from the World Resources Institute, we find that the distribution of energy consumption per capita around the world can be approximately described by the exponential function. Comparing the data for 1990, 2000 and 2005, we discuss the effect of globalization on the inequality of energy consumption.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the quality of human resources, UMK, and investment on economic growth and poverty levels in Buleleng Regency. The research location is in Buleleng Regency with secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The number of observations in this study is 15 observations in the 2008-2022 timeframe using time series data. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results of the research show that 1) the quality of human resources, district minimum wages (UMK), and investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth; 2) The quality of human resources and investment has a negative and significant effect, the district minimum wage (UMK) has a negative and insignificant effect, while economic growth has no negative and significant effect on the poverty rate; 3) The quality of human resources, the District Minimum Wage (UMK), has an indirect effect, while investment does not indirectly affect the poverty rate through economic growth in Buleleng Regency. Keywords : human resources quality, district minimum wage (UMK), investment, economic growth, poverty rate

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the influence between the minimum wage and employment opportunities and the quality of human resources as a moderation variable. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau Statistics (BPS). In this study, the data collected is panel data consisting of ten regencies/cities with the highest LFPR levels and ten regencies/cities with the lowest LFPR levels in Central Java Province within a span of 5 years, starting from 2016 – 2020. This research uses a quantitative approach by converting the results of all observations into numerical which is then analyzed through statistics. Based on the effect of research and data analysis using t-tests showed that: (1) There is the influence of GRDP on LFPR of Central Java Province, (2) There is an Effect of Minimum Wage on LFPR of Central Java Province, (3) There is no quality of human resources influence on LFPR central Java Province, (4) there is an influence of GRDP moderated by quality of human resources on LFPR of Central Java Province, and (5) and there is no effect of minimum wage moderated by quality of human resources on LFPR Central Java Province.

The quality of human resources has an important contribution to the success of development in the context of increasing people's welfare. This research aims to identify the factors that make a major contribution to the increase in the HDI and examine the effect of poverty and unemployment on the achievement of quality human resource development. By using secondary data sources sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance as well as the EViews analysis tool, the research results show that life expectancy, expected length of schooling, average length of schooling, spending per capita have a significant effect on the development of the quality of human resources on the island of Java. Meanwhile, poverty and unemployment have a negative impact on the development of the quality of human resources on the island of Java. The results of this research might be become a foundation for policy makers to explore education spending and health spending instruments to improve the quality of human resources. The results of the research also show that quality human resources are able to improve people's welfare through economic development, reducing poverty and unemployment. Keywords: Human development; economic development; education; health; poverty; unemployment

Limited energy resources in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) call for a comprehensive cross-layer analysis of energy consumption in a multi-hop network. In this paper, we provide a stochastic analysis of the energy consumption in a random network environment. Accordingly, a comprehensive cross-layer analysis framework, which employs a stochastic queueing model in realistic channel environments, is developed. This framework accurately predicts the distribution of energy consumption for nodes in WSNs during a given time period. We show that when the time duration is long, the energy consumption asymptotically approaches a Normal distribution. Using the distribution of energy consumption, the distribution of node lifetime is also investigated. With the help of this probabilistic model, a case study with an anycast protocol is conducted to show how the developed framework can analytically predict the distribution of energy consumption and lifetime. Comprehensive simulations and testbed experiments are provided to validate the developed model. The cross-layer framework is also used to identify relationships between the distribution of energy consumption and network parameters, such as network density, duty cycle, and traffic rate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate probabilistic distribution of energy consumption in WSNs.

A study of domestic energy usage patterns in Hong Kong

The study aims to analyze the influence of the quality of human resources, employment opportunities and economic growth on the number of poor people in Sarolangun District. The data used in this study are secondary data, from 2002 to 2012. Data is sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Jambi Province, the Sarolangun Regency Central Bureau of Statistics and the Regional Planning and Development Agency of Sarolangun Regency. The analysis tool used is a multiple linear regression method. The results showed that simultaneously the quality of human resources, employment opportunities, and economic growth had a significant effect on the number of poor people in Sarolangun District. Partially. employment and economic growth have a significant effect while the quality of human resources has no significant effect on the number of poor people


 
 
 The Human Development Index (HDI) has a close relationship with a country’s income. The higher the quality of human resources, the higher the state’s income. This research examined the impact of local revenue, general allocation funds, special allocation funds, and profit-sharing funds on the HDI of West Sumatran districts and cities. This was a descriptive and quantitative study. The data used were secondary data from the Ministry of Finance, Central Bureau of Statistics and other institutions from 2010-2019. Panel data regression analysis was used. The results showed that all of the variables had a positive and significant effect, except for profit-sharing funds which had a negative and significant effect on HDI. This indicated that when more funds are spent on improving human resources, the quality of human resources increases, which is in accordance with previous research.
 Keywords: HDI, regional finance, districts
 
 

<div>Fuel economy is a crucial parameter in long-haulage heavy-duty vehicles. Researchers tended to focus initially on engine combustion efficiency, while modern researchers turn their attention to the energy consumption of engine accessories in an attempt to enhance fuel economy. The accessories investigated in this study include the cooling fan, water pump, air compressor, power steering pump, air-conditioning (AC) compressor, and generator. Normally, accessory energy consumption analysis is based on rig data and simulation results. Here, we focus on the disparate test environments between the rig and vehicle to establish a novel constant power test method; the proposed method provides accurate accessory power data under different working conditions. A typical highway driving cycle is selected to collect accessory duty-cycle. The heavy-duty vehicle accessories’ energy consumption distribution under highway road conditions is obtained through the repeated road tests. Accessories comprise energy consumption proportions of 4.7%-6.4% of the engine in winter and 10.3%-12.6% in summer; they show different characteristics under different temperature or road conditions. The two influence factors of accessory energy consumption, constant power and duty-cycle, are analyzed to evaluate possible energy-saving schemes. Applying the clutch or electrical accessories, especially for the cooling fan and air compressor, is recommended.</div>

To identify the potential of energy conversation in power units, the energy consumption distribution model of supercritical power generation unit under various conditions are established based on a 600MW supercritical power generation system. Methods of unit energy consumption are applied and the total additional energy consumption is calculated under various loads, which varies from 30% TMCR load to full TMCR load. The energy consumption distribution of every heater in the boiler, cylinders of the turbine and the whole plant unit are analyzed. And the distribution rules of energy consumption of various conditions are revealed. The effects of key parameters on unit energy consumption are also investigated.

Purpose of ReviewEnergy poverty can fall into two broad categories: residential energy poverty and transportation energy poverty. While metrics exist to assess equity for each type of deficit individually, they often fail to account for interactions between the two sectors. This review focuses on poverty analyses within and at the intersection of the energy and transportation sectors.Recent FindingsIn recent years, there has been movement toward crafting metrics that account for the multidimensional nature of poverty. While these metrics allow for nuance, they can present issues around quality data access, pose challenges for comparison across national or regional contexts, and introduce bias by weighting schemas. Despite the challenges associated with composite-factor metrics, we argue that future studies should focus on developing energy deficits metrics that operate at the nexus of transportation and residential-based energy deficits, to consider the complex ways in which households’ energy consumption patterns are linked across dimensions.SummaryThis paper provides a literature review of 39 papers focused primarily on developed countries (e.g., Europe and North America), we classify transportation and energy deficit metrics as having single-factor inputs (e.g., only income) or composite-factor inputs (e.g., income and housing cost). We also classify metrics based upon the type of factors included in the model: income-based factors versus energy usage-based factors.

Summary The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) in Kenya, has in the past two years devoted considerable resources to the development of Social Statistics. This effort has been directed towards enhancing the CBS's capacity to extend its coverage of Social Statistics derived both from administrative records and through direct surveys. This paper details the work which the CBS has done in respect of the latter activity. This development has taken place in context of the CBS's efforts towards establishing a permanent and viable household survey capability as a part of its National Integrated Sample Survey Programme (NISSP). A broad over-view of the infrastructure which is being developed within the framework of this programme is given below; however, in this paper, we have not discussed the concomitant development which is taking place re the utilization of administrative files for obtaining social data. The National Integrated Sample Survey Programme The CBS has established an integrated programme of field surveys to collect information on socio-economic trends. The lack of pertinent and up-to-date information on these trends is, it is felt, a constraint in enhancing still further the impact of the Government's national development programme as set out in the development plan. Indeed, such information is a very vital ingredient for the evolution and evaluation of such programmes. The CBS has established the NISSP to overcome this constraint. The contents of the NISSP itself consist of a series of sample surveys covering a wide range of subject matter on demographic, social and economic trends. The emphasis of the NISSP is on the integrated approach being adopted to undertake the surveys, the focal point of which is the multi-purpose National Sample. The 'units of enumeration' for all the sample surveys in this programme are chosen within this framework. Also, all concepts and definitions common to the various surveys have been standardized and are consistently applied in each survey. Thus although the content matter of the individual surveys differ considerably from each other, both in scope and structure, the organization of the programme ensures that interconnecting links are established between the various surveys and that each survey has an integral role to play within the context of the overall programme. This, it is hoped, is yielding information which is not only internally correct but also mutually consistent. Such information is an essential pre-requisite to undertaking an inter-disciplinary appraisal of the socio-economic trends in the country. A single multi-purpose sample is usually not more efficient (in terms of the sampling error) than specifically designed samples for individual surveys. However, given the existing resource constraint in the CBS, the other efficiencies that result from the use of its multi-purpose sample outweigh the handicap of small increases in sampling error. These other efficiencies accrue from the more optimal use of resources made possible by the simple multi-purpose national sample. It also makes possible a more effective use of the limited supply of manpower with particular savings in the manpower required to undertake the supporting cartographic work. It is expected that these efficiencies will still further lower the costs and make it possible to institute more effective survey controls. The latter will, in time, have an effect on the reduction of the magnitude of the non-sampling error.

As part of the agricultural sector, livestock is a source of food for Indonesia and consumers abroad. Therefore, the demand for livestock commodities tends to increase, aligning with the positive growth of the population. Additionally, as part of their efforts to promote higher consumption, one of the attempts made by producers and the government as policymakers is to encourage an increase in the livestock population from time to time. On the other hand, the industrial sector that engages in processing likewise continues to expand to improve products downstream. However, the increase in the number of livestock and industries can contribute to the rise in emissions that impact environmental conditions. In this study, the environmental situation referred to is temperature variations. Moreover, this research aims to determine the impact of livestock population and energy consumption in the industrial sector on temperature changes. The method used in this research is explanatory. The data sources used for multiple linear regression analysis came from the World Bank, Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The analysis reveals that large and small livestock, as well as energy use in the industrial sector are factors that have an impact on Indonesia’s temperature. Large and small livestock cause an increase in temperature due to the large number of emissions produced by enteric fermentation and excretion. Meanwhile, the rise in energy consumption is inversely proportional to changes in temperature. This condition occurred because of the higher proportion of renewable energy in total energy consumption.

FOOD CONSUMPTION IN POOR VILLAGES OF BOGOR, TANGERANG AND BEKASI REGIONS AS THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS. Background: Socio-economic condition of population was deteriorated by economic crisis that hit Indonesia in mid of 1997 altogether with long wry season during 1997. Economic factors such as increase in the price of the daily needs, reduction in agricultural production and the level of income in rural areas, contraction in the construction sector in urban areas, depression in the manpower market altogether had negative impact to the welfare of the lower income population. Objective: The aim of the survey was to learn the nutrient intake of household in poor villages as the impact of economic crisis. Method: The Nutritional Consumption Survey in all villages of West Java Province was conducted at the end of 1996 and these data were used as baseline. Similar survey was conducted at the end of 1999 in Bogor City, Tangerang and Bekasi Districts as the follow-up data. Thirty villages in each district were selected randomly to include 10 poor villages and 20 non-poor category villages. In each village, one Posyandu that had been the location of 1996 survey was selected. Ten households that have under-five child were selected randomly in the Posyandu. Results: Household . Energy consumption in poor villages and non-poor category villages were higher before the crisis compared to during the crisis. Protein consumption in the non-poor villages before the crisis was similar to during crisis. Vitamin A consumption in non-poor and poor villages much lower during crisis compared to before crisis. Under-five children 1999. Energy, protein and fat intake of under-five children was similar between poor and non-poor category villages. Carbohydrate intake was significantly different between poor and non-poor category villages. Iron intake was similar before and during crisis. Conclusions: Economic crisis has negative impact on energy and protein consumption both poor and non-poor category villages before and during crisis. Energy and vitamin A intakes in poor and non-poor category villages reduced during crisis compared to before crisis. Recommendations: Nutritional improvement programs to overcome the impact of economic crisis should be directed to the poor villages. However, if the crisis remained continued the non-poor village should also be given attention. Key Words: nutrient, food consumption, household, poor villages, economic crisis.