Abstract
Emmy Noether developed theories that expanded the rules of common mathematics. Noether's theorem was a seminal contribution to physics, relating symmetry to conservation laws. For example, Kepler's first and second laws (elliptical orbits, equal areas swept out in equal times) were empirical and apparently unconnected. Newton's gravitational force law connected them. Noether's theorem dispensed with force altogether. She showed that any elliptical orbit (symmetry) must produce the sweeping out of equal areas in equal times: “conservation of angular momentum.” Noether was not permitted to take university math classes. She was prohibited from becoming a professor and had to make do with “mathematical assistant.” Nevertheless, her fame grew. Albert Einstein said about her, “Fräulein Noether was the most significant mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began.”
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