Abstract
A hydrodynamic approach with a non-equilibrium equation of state is used to describe the collisions of heavy ions at medium and intermediate energies. In the development of this approach, with the inclusion of nuclear viscosity effects and the introduction of an amendment to the microcanonical distribution, the double differential cross sections of proton emission in collisions of different nuclei are calculated, which are in agreement with the available experimental data on the emission of high-energy particles, including the cumulative spectral region.
Highlights
Along with molecular dynamics and the solution of the dynamic Boltzmann equation, nuclear hydrodynamics is an effective method for describing the dynamics of the interaction of heavy ions at medium and intermediate energies
The equilibrium equation of state (EOS) is used, which assumes the establishment of a local thermodynamic equilibrium in the system
The dynamics of heavy ion collisions involves the use of a non-equilibrium equation of state [4,5,6,7] taking into account the effects of nuclear viscosity
Summary
Along with molecular dynamics and the solution of the dynamic Boltzmann equation, nuclear hydrodynamics is an effective method for describing the dynamics of the interaction of heavy ions at medium and intermediate energies (see, for example, [1]). The dynamics of heavy ion collisions involves the use of a non-equilibrium equation of state [4,5,6,7] taking into account the effects of nuclear viscosity. This allowed describing energy spectra of protons, pions, and fragments for the collisions of different nuclei at the medium-energy range [5,6,7]. "high-energy tails " of proton spectra obtained in [8], as it turned out, are not reproduced near the kinematic limit of the spectrum They turn out more harden when we use a grand canonical ensemble for the distribution function of emitted protons. We have succeeded to reproduce the high-momentum proton distributions for the 12C+9Be→ p + X reaction at an 12C ion energy of 300, 600 and 950 MeV/nucleon at the angle of 3.5o [9], which are related to the cumulative region and are not quite well described by the “molecular dynamics” and other cascade models
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