Abstract
Crop residue burning negatively impacts both the environment and human health, whether in the aspect of air pollution, regional and global climate change, or transboundary air pollution. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the level of air pollutant emissions caused by the rice residue open burning activities in 2018, by analyzing the remote sensing information and country specific data. This research also aims to analyze the trend of particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10) concentration air quality sites in provinces with large paddy rice planting areas from 2010–2017. According to the results, 61.87 megaton (Mt) of rice residue were generated, comprising 21.35 Mt generated from the irrigated fields and 40.53 Mt generated from the rain-fed field. Only 23.0% of the total rice residue generated were subject to open burning—of which nearly 32% were actually burned in the fields. The emissions from such rice residue burning consisted of: 5.34 ± 2.33 megaton (Mt) of CO2, 44 ± 14 kiloton (kt) of CH4, 422 ± 179 kt of CO, 2 ± 2 kt of NOX, 2 ± 2 kt of SO2, 38 ± 22 kt of PM2.5, 43 ± 29 kt of PM10, 2 ± 1 kt of black carbon (BC), and 14 ± 5 kt of organic carbon (OC). According to the air quality trends, the results shows the higher level of PM10 concentration was due to the agricultural burning activities, as reflected in the higher monthly averages of the months with the agricultural burning, by around 1.9–2.1 times. The result also shows the effect of government’s policy for farmers on the crop burning activities and air quality trends.
Highlights
IntroductionRice plantation covers a total area of approximately
The second peak period was during January to May, the amount of rice residue generated in the field (RRG) was about 1.91 Mt, 3.23 Mt, 1.11 Mt, 3.38 Mt, and 4.42 Mt, respectively, which corresponded to the harvesting time of off-season rice
This study found that the amount of rice residue generated was approximately 61.87 Mt, nearly half of which were removed from the field to be used for other purposes, such as mushroom plantation, animal feed, fermentation, and sales to baling operators
Summary
Rice plantation covers a total area of approximately. The central region has the highest frequency of rice plantation at the rate of 2–3 rounds per year, as well as the highest yield due to the relatively high abundance of water resource and soil nutrients when compared to other regions [2]. The characteristics of rice cultivation are typical in the region where broadcasting plantation and machinery harvesting are widely used to reduce the cultivation time [3]. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 449 rice) is grown from May to October, except in the six southern provinces where the growing season is from mid-June to February of year. The off-season rice typically grown in the dry season from
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