Abstract
This study characterized emissions of particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and anions from Mongolian bituminous coals in a controlled heating experiment. Three coal samples from Alag Tolgoi (coal 1), Baganuur (coal 2), and Nalaikh (coal 3) were combusted at a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m2 using a dual-cone calorimeter. The coal samples were commonly used in ger district of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. PM10 emission factors were 1122.9 ± 526.2, 958.1 ± 584.0, and 472.0 ± 57.1 mg/kg for coal samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively. PM with a diameter of 0.35–0.45 µm was dominant and accounted for 41, 34, and 48% of the total PM for coal samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The emissions of PM and VOC from coals commonly used in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were significant enough to cause extremely high levels of indoor and outdoor air pollution.
Highlights
IntroductionSolid fuels (such as wood, animal dung, crop wastes, and coal) are used for heating and cooking in residences
In many underdeveloped countries, solid fuels are used for heating and cooking in residences
Agency because there were notable emission factors of Mn, Co, Pb, Cr, and Ni from the combustion of the coals tested here, the results suggest potential health risks
Summary
Solid fuels (such as wood, animal dung, crop wastes, and coal) are used for heating and cooking in residences. The use of solid fuels was associated with health problems, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [3] and lung cancer [4], which tended to occur in women who were exposed to pollutants when cooking with solid fuels [5]. Conditions such as tuberculosis [6], asthma [7], cardiovascular disease [8], and cataracts [9,10] were associated with exposure to emissions from biomass fuel combustion. Health issues, such as low birthweight [11], inadequate growth development [12], and acute lower respiratory infections [13], were reported among individuals exposed to such emissions
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