Abstract
This study examines the emission properties of particulate matter and particle-bound metals from a diesel engine generator fueled by traditional fossil diesel (D100) with the addition of n-butanol (B), hydrous n-butanol (B′), acetone (A), hydrous acetone (A′), isopropyl alcohol (I) or waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W). The fuel blends were B30W20D50 (abbr. B30), B′30W20D50 (abbr. B′30), A3I1W20D76 (abbr. A3), A′3I1W20D76 (abbr.A′3), B30A3I1W20D46 (abbr. B30A3) and B′30A′3I1W20D46 (abbr. B′30A′3) tested at loads of 1.5 kW and 3.0 kW for the diesel engine generator. Experimental results indicate that adding B30, A3 or B30A3 reduces the PM mass concentration in the exhaust at both engine loads compared to using only W20. Additionally, the PM emission concentrations are lower when using B′30, A′3 and B′30A′3 than when using B30, A3 and B30A3, respectively; in other words, replacing pure n-butanol/acetone with hydrated n-butanol/acetone in the blends further reduces the PM emission concentrations. However, B30 or B30A3 is more effective than A3 in reducing the PM emissions, irrespective of the water content in the fuel blends. Conversely, using B30, B′30, A3, A′3, B30A3 or B′30A′3 instead of W20 reduces the metal content in the PM emissions at both engine loads. The major metal components in PM are Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Zn, accounting for about 97 wt.% of 21 overall metals. The remaining analyzed metals were dominated by Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo and Ba. Accordingly, adding biodiesel from waste cooking oil and hydrous acetone/n-butanol to diesel fuel for diesel engine generators reduces the levels of PM and particle-bound metals. The waste hydrous acetone/n-butanol can be used for recycling purposes during this process.
Highlights
Diesel engine is a major power source of transportation and industrial activities, including on-/off-road vehicles, ships, construction and power utilities
This study examines the emission properties of particulate matter and particle-bound metals from a diesel engine generator fueled by traditional fossil diesel (D100) with the addition of n-butanol (B), hydrous n-butanol (B′), acetone (A), hydrous acetone (A′), isopropyl alcohol (I) or waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W)
For the diesel engine generator fueled with those blends, the particulate matter (PM) emission factors based on fuel consumptions were in the range 11.1–15.9 mg L–1 at 1.5 kW and 13.6–22.9 mg L–1 at 3.0 kW
Summary
Diesel engine is a major power source of transportation and industrial activities, including on-/off-road vehicles, ships, construction and power utilities. Researchers have reported significant negative effects of diesel engine emission on human health. Several studies in this decade have focused on the particulate matter (PM) diesel engines and alternative greener fuels, such as emissions from biodiesel. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified diesel engine exhaust (DEE) as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient. Metals can be transported into waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel following transesterification. Combustion of WCO-based biodiesel potentially produces Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn emissions. Use of biodiesel in diesel engines has led to Na and K emissions, since these metals are components of major alkaline catalysts (KOH or NaOH) in transesterification of fatty acids. The metal content of PM in diesel engine exhaust may be affected by factors including engine operation parameter, testing cycle, fuel property, fuel chemical composition and quality and engine wearing level (Wang et al, 2016)
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