Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart diseases or stroke are among the leading cause of deaths globally, and evidence suggests that these diseases are modulated by a multifactorial and complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Genetic predisposition and chronic exposure to modifiable risk factors have been explored to be involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. Environmental factors contribute to an individual’s propensity to develop major cardiovascular risk factors through epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones via miRNA regulation of protein translation that are types of epigenetic mechanisms and participate in disease development. Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common oral diseases in humans that is characterized by low-grade inflammation and has been shown to increase the risk of CVDs. Risk factors involved in PD and CVD are determined both genetically and behaviorally. Periodontal diseases such as chronic inflammation promote DNA methylation. Epigenetic modifications involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis play an essential role in plaque development and vulnerability. Epigenetics has opened a new world to understand and manage human diseases, including CVDs and periodontal diseases. Genetic medicine has started a new era of epigenetics to overcome human diseases with various new methodology. Epigenetic profiling may aid in better diagnosis and stratification of patients showing potential predisposed states for disease. A better understanding of the exact regulatory mechanisms of epigenetic pathways driving inflammation is slowly emerging and will aid in developing novel tools for the treatment of disease.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered among the leading causes of deaths worldwide [1]
Periodontal disease is associated with local elevation of inflammatory cytokines (CRP, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, platelet-activating factor, IL-6, and IL-18) [18], and periodontal inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines with high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10 [19]
This review aims to explore the current research to appreciate the plausible biological mechanism that links periodontitis with CVD, especially focusing on the emerging field of epigenetics
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered among the leading causes of deaths worldwide [1]. As the research examining the systemic implications of periodontitis has grown exponentially in recent years [11], recent experimental studies have strengthened the potential causal link between periodontitis and its comorbidities by establishing a biologically plausible and clinically consistent mechanisms where periodontitis could initiate or aggravate a comorbid condition [12]. Both PD and CVD with high prevalence worldwide affect the social well-being of people [13]. We have explored different frontiers in epigenetics and observe its implications in PD and CVD associations
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