Emerging Potential of Exosomes on Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Yuxuan Zhong,Fanglin Wang,Xiaohong Wang,Di Miao,Xiang Li,Jun Fan,Shoushuai Wang,Shuling Bai,Xiaohong Tian

doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.649552

Abstract

The mesenchymal stem cells have multidirectional differentiation potential and can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, cartilage tissue, muscle cells and so on. The adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is of great significance for the construction of tissue-engineered fat and the treatment of soft tissue defects. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells and widely exist in body fluids. They are mainly involved in cell communication processes and transferring cargo contents to recipient cells. In addition, exosomes can also promote tissue and organ regeneration. Recent studies have shown that various exosomes can influence the adipogenic differentiation of stem cells. In this review, the effects of exosomes on stem cell differentiation, especially on adipogenic differentiation, will be discussed, and the mechanisms and conclusions will be drawn. The main purpose of studying the role of these exosomes is to understand more comprehensively the influencing factors existing in the process of stem cell differentiation into adipocytes and provide a new idea in adipose tissue engineering research.

Highlights

Exosomes are membrane vesicles released to the extracellular environment after fusion of multivesicular endosomes and plasma membranes, and all types of cells can produce exosomes under normal or pathological conditions
With the development of cosmetic and regenerative medicine, there are studies showing that exosomes secreted by stem cells can promote tissue and organ regeneration
2017 Xia et al, 2020 Zhou et al, 2020 Zhang H. et al, 2019 Wang et al, 2017 Wan et al, 2019. These results suggest that Fetal bovine serum (FBS) exosomes are the negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Exosomes are membrane vesicles released to the extracellular environment after fusion of multivesicular endosomes and plasma membranes, and all types of cells can produce exosomes under normal or pathological conditions. Recent studies indicate that exosomes play a significant role in regulating the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Exosomes promote or inhibit adipose production by delivering genes or proteins associated with fat formation (Zhang et al, 2017; Zuo et al, 2019). Immunoaffinity purification requires fewer samples, is rapid, easy, and compatible with conventional laboratory equipment (Nakai et al, 2016) In addition to these conventional methods, it is important to develop new techniques to provide high purity exosomes. Microfluidics-based isolation technology utilizes innovative sorting mechanisms such as acoustic, electrophoretic, and electromagnetic manipulations to significantly reduce sample quantity, time consumption, and experimental reagents (Dorayappan et al, 2019) These methods are summarized and compared as follows (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION