Abstract
This qualitative study, conducted in Oyam district northern Uganda, presents an ethnographic analysis of the transformation of the social capital available to former internally displaced persons (IDPs) by the Lords’ Resistance Army (LRA) conflict, and the implications for their livelihood strategies. Northern Uganda suffered a protracted two decade (1986-2006) civil war between the LRA and Government of Uganda. Forced conscription, abduction and eventual displacement into camps by the combatants shattered the mutual trusts and capital that communities had accumulated overtime. This paper applied case study design to investigate the emerging forms of social capital among former displaced persons and the respondents were purposively selected. In-depth interviews were held with Government civil servants and local leaders while focus group discussions were conducted with community members to explore opinions on the after-displacement livelihood strategies. Sustainable livelihoods and social capital theories were applied to analyse the relationship between social capital and livelihood resilience upon returning home from displacement. The findings indicated that while emerging from displacement, family members moved in phases with family heads and elder children returning first to prepare livelihood strategies. Both positive and negative networks emerged that influenced preference for social groups and livelihood activities. The established social groups comprised of ‘<i>doggola</i>’ (kinship) relationships, wage-labour, neighbours, friendship, alcohol consumption and informal social support groups. Despite the dynamics experienced in social capital and livelihood activities, the former IDPs modified and reverted to the traditional social capital. This paper concludes that amidst conflict and displacement, social capital sustains household welfare and community development hence, social capital does not vanish but changes forms. Thus, the post-conflict reconstruction programme ought to integrate social capital into its package for sustainability purpose.
Highlights
This paper investigates emerging forms of social capital in the aftermath of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) conflict (1986-2006) in northern Uganda and its influence on the livelihoods of internally displaced persons (IDPs)
The discussions are made into two sections namely: displacement and livelihoods and emerging forms of social capital and the implications for former internally displaced persons’ livelihoods
It is ideal for Post-conflict reconstruction programs to integrate social relations in the intervention package and to invest in psycho-social support and mindset change in the reconstruction framework as opposed to humanitarian and material aid that promotes dependency rather than sustainable development
Summary
This paper investigates emerging forms of social capital in the aftermath of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) conflict (1986-2006) in northern Uganda and its influence on the livelihoods of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Conflict, forced migration and subsequent displacement have negative consequences for the livelihoods (wellbeing) of those embroiled in it [5] It destroys lives, shatters families and communities, as well as impacting negatively on people’s assets in the various forms of capital- social, physical, economic, cultural, financial and human – yet they need to sustain their livelihoods. It is important to note that the social and behavioural outcomes associated with conflict are just as, if not more important than the economic, when it comes to understanding the development challenges present in postconflict situations. This is because conflict can sow seeds of distrust within communities that undermines social capital impeding development
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