Abstract
Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, which could severely hamper reaching the targets of millennium development goals (MDG). Five out of the total eight MDG’s are strongly associated with the Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs). Recent emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant pathogens has accelerated and prevent reaching the targets of MDG, with shrinking of therapeutic arsenal, mostly due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). World Health Organization (WHO has identified AMR as 1 of the 3 greatest threats to global health.Until now, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been observed in hospital-acquired infections. In India, within a span of three years, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase prevalence has risen from three percent in hospitals to twenty- fifty percent and is found to be colistin resistant as well. Routine use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry accounts for more than 50% in tonnage of all antimicrobial production to promote growth and prophylaxis. This has consequences to human health and environmental contamination with a profound impact on the environmental microbiome, resulting in resistance.Antibiotic development is now considered a global health crisis. The average time required to receive regulatory approval is 7.2 years. Moreover, the clinical approval success is only 16%. To overcome resistance in antimicrobials, intersectoral partnerships among medical, veterinary, and environmental disciplines, with specific epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches are needed. Joint efforts under “One Health”, beyond individual professional boundaries are required to stop antimicrobial resistance against zoonoses (EID) and reach the MDG.
Highlights
Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, which could severely hamper reaching the targets of millennium development goals (MDG)
Emerging infectious diseases (EID), mostly zoonoses, pose enormous threats, which could severely hamper reaching the targets of the health-related United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) set for 2015.1 The following five out of the total eight MDG’s are strongly associated with the EIDs: 1. Reducing child mortality rates; 2
One health has been defined as "the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment."[7] The purpose of this review is to look at the challenges faced due to antimicrobial resistance in EID zoonoses and find solutions under a “one health” approach to reach the targets of the MDG
Summary
Of all known infectious diseases, zoonoses constitute about 60%. Within emerging infectious diseases, approximately 75% are of zoonotic origin. It has been recognized that more than 50% of human pathogens can infect other vertebrate hosts.[2] Only 100 of the approximately 400 known emerging pathogens occur as human pathogens.[3] Among the marine mammal pathogens at least 49% are zoonotic, and 28% are emerging zoonoses.[4]. Emerging zoonoses, such as hendra, nipha, avian influenza, and severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS) are a growing threat to global health and have caused huge economic loss in the past 20 years. One health has been defined as "the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment."[7] The purpose of this review is to look at the challenges faced due to antimicrobial resistance in EID zoonoses and find solutions under a “one health” approach to reach the targets of the MDG
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