Abstract
The first case of human babesiosis was reported in the literature in 1957. The clinical disease has sporadically occurred as rare case reports in North America and Europe in the subsequent decades. Since the new millennium, especially in the last decade, many more cases have apparently appeared not only in these regions but also in Asia, South America, and Africa. More than 20,000 cases of human babesiosis have been reported in North America alone. In several cross-sectional surveys, exposure to Babesia spp. has been demonstrated within urban and rural human populations with clinical babesiosis reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. This review serves to highlight the widespread distribution of these tick-borne pathogens in humans, their tick vectors in readily accessible environments such as parks and recreational areas, and their phylogenetic relationships.
Highlights
Babesia spp. are piroplasm parasites of various vertebrate animals with host specificity.Their infections may cause clinical manifestations such as fever, anemia, or even death asymptomatic infections are not unusual
Life cycle, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and treatment as well as human babesiosis in Europe and China [3,4,5,6]. We reviewed in this manuscript; (a) human babesiosis cases that had been diagnosed as Babesia species by molecular confirmation with attention to cross-sectional surveys, (b) vectors for these Babesia spp., (c) Babesia spp. in tick vectors collected in the recreational areas readily accessible to humans and possible roles by the domestic dog in human babesiosis
Human babesiosis is caused by several Babesia spp. that includes but are not limited to, B. microti, B. divergens, B. venatorum, B. duncani, B. crassa, and two Babesia spp. strains i.e., Babesia sp
Summary
Babesia spp. are piroplasm parasites of various vertebrate animals with host specificity. Reviews have been published on the Babesia spp. life cycle, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and treatment as well as human babesiosis in Europe and China [3,4,5,6]. Life cycle, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and treatment as well as human babesiosis in Europe and China [3,4,5,6] We reviewed in this manuscript; (a) human babesiosis cases that had been diagnosed as Babesia species by molecular confirmation with attention to cross-sectional surveys, (b) vectors for these Babesia spp., (c) Babesia spp. in tick vectors collected in the recreational areas readily accessible to humans and possible roles by the domestic dog in human babesiosis.
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