Abstract
Exosomes derived from tumor cells contain various molecular components, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. These components play a crucial role in all stages of tumorigenesis and development. Moreover, they reflect the physiological and pathological status of parental tumor cells. Recently, tumor-derived exosomes have become popular biomarkers for non-invasive liquid biopsy and the diagnosis of numerous cancers. The interdisciplinary significance of exosomes research has also attracted growing enthusiasm. However, the intrinsic nature of tumor-derived exosomes requires advanced methods to detect and evaluate the complex biofluid. This review analyzes the relationship between exosomes and tumors. It also summarizes the exosomal biological origin, composition, and application of molecular markers in clinical cancer diagnosis. Remarkably, this paper constitutes a comprehensive summary of the innovative research on numerous detection strategies for tumor-derived exosomes with the intent of providing a theoretical basis and reference for early diagnosis and clinical treatment of cancer.
Highlights
The currently defined exosome (40–150 nm) was discovered in sheep reticulocytes in1983 [1,2]
This paper summarizes the biological origin, composition, molecular and clinical diagnostic methods of tumor-derived exosomes is not comprehensive enough
The deep learning model predicted that plasma exosomes of 90.7% of patients (n = 43) had higher similarity to lung cancer cell exosomes than the average of the healthy controls and lung cancer with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.912 for the whole cohort, and stage I patients with an AUC of 0.910
Summary
The currently defined exosome (40–150 nm) was discovered in sheep reticulocytes in. 1983 [1,2]. Exosomes are secreted from cancer cells, and the tifold of the current reviews in exosomes focused on exosomal physical characterization, specific antigens on their surface can reflect the nature of donor cells [11]. Introducing the current reviews in exosomes focused on exosomal physical characterization, separation, novel detection and clinical diagnostic methods of tumor-derived exosomes is not comand labeling for semiquantitative analyses [12,13,14,15,16]. This paper summarizes the biological origin, composition, molecular and clinical diagnostic methods of tumor-derived exosomes is not comprehensive enough. This paper summarizes the biological origin, composition, molecular markers, and clinical and tumors, and summarizes the precise and quantitative detection methods of tumordiagnosis of exosomes, analyzes the relationship between exosomes and tumors, and derived exosomes and their clinical potential. Summarizes the precise and quantitative detection methods of tumor-derived exosomes and their clinical potential
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