Abstract
Recent studies have shown that only microliter amounts of crude oil applied to the surface of fertile eggs of several avian species including mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) result in considerable reduction in hatching. Other studies have reported the teratogenic and embryotoxic potential of South Louisiana crude oil, and API reference oil, and have shown that certain aromatic hydrocarbons are important contributing factors for embryotoxicity. In addition to high aromatic hydrocarbon content certain crude oils contain high concentrations of nickel and vanadium; concentrations of vanadium reaching as high as 1400 ppM in Venezuelan crude oil. Both of these metals result in high embryonic mortality when injected into the yolk sac or chirioallantoic membrane of fertile chicken eggs. Egg production has been suppressed in laying hens fed vanadium and lipid metabolism altered in laying mallard hens. The present study was designed to compare the effects of crude oil with and without added vanadium and nickel on embryonic development in mallards.
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