Abstract
Sesbania cannabina, a multipurpose leguminous crop, is highly resistant to waterlogging stress. However, the scant genomic resources in the genus Sesbania have greatly hindered further exploration of the mechanisms underlying its waterlogging tolerance. Here, the genetic basis of flooding tolerance in S. cannabina was examined by transcriptome-wide gene expression changes using RNA-Seq in seedlings exposed to short-term (3 h) and long-term (27 h) waterlogging. After de- novo assembly, 213990 unigenes were identified, of which 145162 (79.6%) were annotated. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the glycolysis and fermentation pathways were stimulated to produce ATP under hypoxic stress conditions. Energy-consuming biosynthetic processes were dramatically repressed by short and long term waterlogging, while amino acid metabolism was greatly induced to maintain ATP levels. The expression pattern of 10 unigenes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycolysis, and amino acid metabolism revealed by qRT-PCR confirmed the RNA-Seq data. The present study is a large-scale assessment of genomic resources of Sesbania and provides guidelines for probing the molecular mechanisms underlying S. cannabina waterlogging tolerance.
Highlights
Flooding and waterlogging are common phenomena with the potential to become an increasingly serious threat to the environment, which is progressively deteriorated by humans and their anthropogenic activities, resulting in global climate change
A set of anaerobic peptides including aldolase, enolase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, sucrose synthase, and alcohol dehydrogenase have been identified as being selectively induced under hypoxia in maize[9]
These results, together with the finding that waterlogging resulted in a decrease in total root carbohydrate and activities of starch synthesis-related enzymes, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and starch synthase (Fig. S5), led to the conclusion that S. cannabina roots responded to waterlogging by regulating energy consumption and production
Summary
Flooding and waterlogging are common phenomena with the potential to become an increasingly serious threat to the environment, which is progressively deteriorated by humans and their anthropogenic activities, resulting in global climate change. Microarray studies were performed to analyze the response to hypoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana[10], cotton[6], maize[11], and other plants[12]. A low oxygen-sensing N-end rule proteolytic pathway[14] and a gene, Sicyp[51], believed to confer tolerance to hypoxia were identified recently[15]. The RNA-Seq approach has a higher sensitivity than microarray analysis and includes both low- and highlevel gene expression[21]. These advantages resulted in the increased application of RNA-Seq to elucidate the response of plants to various environmental stresses, such as cold[22], salt[23, 24], and drought[23, 25]. Transcriptional studies of manure crops are rare, despite their potential in environment-friendly agricultural practices
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