Elucidation of a Raft-Partitioning Motif in Transmembrane Proteins

Abstract

Eukaryotic plasma membranes (PMs) are believed to possess lateral lipid domains termed lipid rafts, which form functional platforms for membrane sorting and cell signalling. The function of these domains depends on their selective recruitment of specific membrane proteins. However the underlying structural features governing protein partition into lipid rafts remain unknown. In live cells, the nanoscopic size and subsecond lifetime of rafts presents great difficulty for measuring their properties and composition. Intact PMs isolated as Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles (GPMVs) phase separate into two microscopic, stable lipid domains, with one of these domains possessing greater lipid order, lower diffusivity and enriching for canonical raft components. This microscopic raft phase separation thus presents an optimal system for measuring protein partitioning between coexisting membrane domains. Using GPMVs, we demonstrate that a protein's transmembrane domain (TMD) is a central determinant of raft affinity. A major factor governing raft partition was the length of the TMD, with longer TMDs preferring the thicker raft domains. Further, by systematic mutation of the TMD of LAT (Linker for activation of T-cells), we were able to determine amino acid sequences which are necessary and sufficient for raft partitioning and which highly resemble the α-helix oligomerization motif GxxxG. This resemblance suggested that TMD oligomerization is the structural basis for the discovered raft-partitioning motif. We confirmed this hypothesis by measure sequence-dependent TMD oligomerization by fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) combined with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Finally, we demonstrate the biological significance of our observations by showing that raft partitioning determines sorting between organellar membranes. For the entire panel of TMD-variants, we observed a strong quantitative relationship between raft association and sorting to the plasma membrane, with non-raft mutants being sorted into the lysosomes for degradation.