Elucidating Traditional Rice Varieties for Consilient Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management under Changing Climate with Landscape-Level Rice Biodiversity

L Muralikrishnan,Khalid F Almutairi,Anchal Dass,Shadi Shokralla,Anil K Choudhary,Hosam O Elansary,Rabindra N Padaria,Bharat Kakade,Tarek K Zin El-Abedin

doi:10.3390/land10101058

Abstract

Rice is grown under diverse agro-climatic conditions and crop management regimes across the globe. Emerging climatic-vulnerabilities and the mismatched farm practices are becoming major challenges for poor or declining rice productivity in potential rice growing regions, especially South Asia. In the biodiversity-rich landscapes of South Asia, many traditional rice varieties (TRVs) are known to exhibit resilience to climate change and climate adaptation besides their therapeutic benefits. Hence, a random sample survey of farmers (n = 320), alongwith secondary data collection from non-governmental organizations/farmers’ organizations/farmers, led to documentation of the information on TRVs’ biodiversity in South Asia. The current study (2015–2019) explored and documented ~164 TRVs which may enhance the resilience to climatic-risks with improved yields besides their unique therapeutic benefits. A large number of TRVs have still not been registered by scientific organizations due to poor awareness by the farmers and community organizations. Hence, it is urgently needed to document, evaluate and harness the desired traits of these TRVs for ecological, economic, nutritional and health benefits. This study suggests taking greater cognizance of TRVs for their conservation, need-based crop improvement, and cultivation in the niche-areas owing to their importance in climate-resilient agriculture for overall sustainable rice farming in South Asia so as to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Highlights

Traditional rice farmers of 4 landscapes viz. the Western-Ghats Region (WGR), East-Coastal Region (ECR), Central India Region (CIR) and North-Eastern Hill Region (NEHR) of India were selected purposefully owing to their landscape-based genetic diversity
As per Koppen’s climate classification system, the study areas of WGR, ECR, CIR and NEHR fall under the Tropical monsoon (Am), Tropical savanna climate (Aw/As), Tropical savanna climate (Aw/As), and Humid subtropical climate (Cwa), respectively
The tribal farmers traditionally used to cultivate over 300 traditional rice varieties (TRVs), the majority of which are rarely available for the farmers

Summary

Introduction

Rice belongs to the genus Oryza, under the family Gramineae. Out of the 27 species of the genus Oryza, 25 species are wild and only 2 are cultivated—Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrina (mainly in Africa)—as a staple cereal food grain for more than half of the global population [1]. Rice is grown under diverse climatic and soil conditions. Rice is the largest consumer of irrigated water and is responsible for enormous greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, methane and nitrous oxide, that cause global warming.

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Conclusion