Elucidating systemic immune responses to acute and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and elderly individuals.

Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID-19 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID-19 and elderly COVID-19 individuals. We analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID-19 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID-19. We show that most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ,interleukin[IL]-2, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], IL-1α, IFNα, IFNβ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-3, IL-7, IL-1Ra, IL-13, and IL-10), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factorand CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein,serum amyloid P,and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID-19 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines- IL-1β, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-25, growth factors-fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet- derived growth factors-BB, and transforming growth factorα as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID-19. Thus, COVID-19 children are characterized by distinct cytokine/chemokine/growth factor/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID-19 individuals.