Abstract
Currently, the adverse effects of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (PAAs) released from electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on human health remain unclear. Therefore, this study examined the urinary concentrations of 28 PAAs in residents living in both e-waste dismantling and control areas, and the median concentrations (unit: μg/g Cre) of aniline (ANI) (1.06 vs. 0.49), meta-toluidine (m-TD) (0.41 vs. 0.06), 4-ethoxyaniline (4-EA) (1.66 vs. 0.13), 3,4-diaminoanisole (3,4-DAAS) (1.64 vs. 0.82), and Σ7PAAs (5.80 vs. 2.20) (the sum of 7 highly detectable PAAs) in residents living in the e-waste dismantling area were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those in the control area. Our results indicate that e-waste dismantling activities contribute to human exposure to PAAs. Furthermore, urinary ANI, 4-EA, and m-TD concentrations were significantly positively correlated with oxidative stress biomarkers; additionally, significant positive associations were found between ANI, 4-EA, m-TD, ortho-toluidine (o-TD), and para-toluidine (p-TD) exposure and elevated NGAL levels, suggesting that these compounds may cause kidney damage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the health risks of human exposure to PAAs in e-waste dismantling areas, providing a new perspective for assessing the health risks associated with PAAs in relation to e-waste dismantling activities.
Published Version
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