Abstract
<h2>Summary</h2> Increasing tropospheric concentrations of ozone (e[O<sub>3</sub>]) and carbon dioxide (e[CO<sub>2</sub>]) profoundly perturb terrestrial ecosystem functions through carbon and nitrogen cycles, affecting beneficial services such as their capacity to combat climate change and provide food. However, the interactive effects of e[O<sub>3</sub>] and e[CO<sub>2</sub>] on these functions and services remain unclear. Here, we synthesize the results of 810 studies (9,109 observations), spanning boreal to tropical regions around the world, and show that e[O<sub>3</sub>] significantly decreases global net primary productivity and food production as well as the capacity of ecosystems to store carbon and nitrogen, which are stimulated by e[CO<sub>2</sub>]. More importantly, simultaneous increases in [CO<sub>2</sub>] and [O<sub>3</sub>] negate or even overcompensate the negative effects of e[O<sub>3</sub>] on ecosystem functions and carbon and nitrogen cycles. Therefore, the negative effects of e[O<sub>3</sub>] on terrestrial ecosystems would be overestimated if e[CO<sub>2</sub>] impacts are not considered, stressing the need for evaluating terrestrial carbon and nitrogen feedbacks to concurrent changes in global atmospheric composition.
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