Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Impact in the European Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Population: Are Hereditability and Zoo-Associated Factors Linked with Mortality?

Abstract

Simple SummaryElephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is considered the primary cause of calf mortality in the global captive Asian elephant population. Once thought to be exclusively a zoo problem, EEHV-HD is currently acknowledged as a disease also present in wild populations, although the extension of this threat in some free-range countries is still poorly understood. The disease is characterized by an acute hemorrhagic syndrome due to vast endothelial destruction combined with disseminated intravascular coagulation, leading to the sudden death of mainly young elephants. In this study, we aimed at understanding the impact of EEHV-HD in the European captive Asian elephant population and acquiring a better understanding if hereditary or environmental factors could be linked to the manifestation of this disease. The findings of this investigation suggest the involvement of zoo-associated factors with possible sire or dam (or a combination of both) influence on the onset of the disease. This knowledge points us to the importance of continuous retrospective epidemiological studies and stresses the great importance of finding further underlying factors for the development of this disease if we wish to halt the high number of deaths caused by this hemorrhagic disease.EEHV is a ubiquitous virus, which most likely has co-evolved with elephants and is shed by healthy individuals and maintained in the herds. Yet, the factors determining calf susceptibility to the virus remain unknown. Here, we explored the impact of EEHV-HD in the European captive Asian elephant population in a retrospective statistical study spanning the last 35 years. We show that EEHV-HD was implicated in more than half of all deaths recorded in calves older than one months old. Moreover, the median age across EEHV-HD fatalities was significantly lower compared to other death causes. Finally, we investigated if heredity and zoo-associated factors could be linked to a higher susceptibility of calves to this disease. We used a univariable logistic regression model to evaluate if either fathers, mothers, or zoos could, separately, be considered as risk factors to the development of the disease. Afterwards, we used a two multivariable model, combining: (1) fathers and zoos, and (2) mothers and zoos. Overall, we found that two fathers, one mother, and four zoos had three or more times higher risk of their calves becoming sick when compared to all others, pointing us to the presence of a management or environmental element, which can have paternal and maternal influence and leads to calf susceptibility or resistance to EEHV-HD.