Abstract
Loxodonta africana bones are repeatedly trampled when deposited at localities where elephant traffic is frequent, such as water sources and mineral licks. This paper discusses and illustrates several major effects of elephant trampling, including bone scattering and re-positioning at death sites, the breakage of even the largest elements, and marking of bone surfaces. We present results of experiments to bend and break elephant bones and we illustrate probable trampling modifications of Pleistocene Mammuthus spp. bones from North America and Europe.
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