Abstract
Herein, recent developments of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) structured into nanofibers by electrospinning are summarized, including the fabrication, post‐treatment via pyrolysis, properties, and use of the resulting MOF nanofiber architectures. The fabrication and post‐treatment of the MOF nanofiber architectures are described systematically by two routes: i) the direct electrospinning of MOF‐polymer nanofiber composites, and ii) the surface decoration of nanofiber structures with MOFs. The unique properties and performance of the different types of MOF nanofibers and their derivatives are explained in respect to their use in energy and environmental applications, including air filtration, water treatment, gas storage and separation, electrochemical energy conversion and storage, and heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, challenges with the fabrication of MOF nanofibers, limitations for their use, and trends for future developments are presented.
Highlights
Lu et al.[83] reported the incorporation of the organic linker amino-terephthalic acid (ATA) in the PAN nanofiber to promote the in situ growth of the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66-NH2 (UiO stands for Universitetet i Oslo) on PAN nanofibers for toxic chemical removal
Further investigations showed that the strong interactions between the Pb (II) and the Fe-MOF contributed to the effective removal of the heavy metal, including competitive ion exchange (CIE), electrostatic interactions with the MOF crystals or polymer, and binding to open metal sites of the MOFs
In many areas, including gas separation, air filtration, water treatment, and heterogeneous catalysis, the research will most likely focus on the development of MOF-polymer nanofibers because the functionality of the original MOF structures is required for the application
Summary
Two major routes have been developed for the structuring of MOF-polymer nanofiber architectures based on electrospinning, which are “direct electrospinning” and “surface decoration.” MOF nanofibers obtained from both routes can be subsequently converted by post-treatments into derivatives of MOF nanofibers. The second structuring route is the growth of MOF particles on the surface of the nanofibers.[63,64] The main advantage of this route is the fact that the surfaces and the inner pores of the pristine MOF crystals are not covered by polymer and are fully accessible. The surface decoration route normally requires a two-step preparation with electrospinning of a polymer nanofiber layer and subsequent growth of the MOF on the nanofiber surfaces and inside the open porosity. This route requires to consider the selection of stable polymer nanofiber structures that can survive the synthesis conditions for those targeted MOF structures, which might require the use of aggressive solvents or relatively high temperatures and pressures (hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions)
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