Abstract
Secondary batteries have been important across several aspects of daily life and industrial manufacture. The electron and ion transport of electrodes significantly affects the energy-storage performance of batteries. Among many fascinating materials, transition metal oxides have been considered promising as candidate electrode materials of high-performance batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity and good stability. Herein, tin dioxide is chosen as a representative transition metal oxide to show the specific electron and ion transport in some types of secondary batteries including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, potassium-ion batteries, etc. The way to optimize the structure and the strategies to enhance electron and ion transport have been summarized. Recently, tin dioxide doping and the preparation of tin dioxide-based composites have been reported. In addition, the main challenges and possible prospects are also proposed, which provide important suggestions for researchers to develop high-performance energy-storage materials and to explore new physical science.
Highlights
Depending on the rapid development of modern society, the production of clean, renewable energy has become an important direction [1,2,3] that is necessary to the development of energy storage systems
The enhancement was ascribed to the following advantages: (i) a 3D structure based on graphene increased the conductivity, avoided the aggregation of nanoparticles, and provided an open framework for the transmission of electrons and ions; (ii) hollow SnO2 nanospheres shortened ion diffusion distance and buffered volume change; and (iii) a nitrogen-doped carbon shell can further accommodate volume change, ensuring structural integrity and improved conductivity
The results showed the resistance of the S@SnO2@MnO2 composite was 6.4 × Ω, which was one order of magnitude lower than pure sulfur (5.8 × Ω)
Summary
Depending on the rapid development of modern society, the production of clean, renewable energy has become an important direction [1,2,3] that is necessary to the development of energy storage systems. Researchers have developed several strategies to improve the electron and ion transport of SnO2 to enhance the energy-storage performance, and these have potential for large-scale application. Yin et al indicated the electrochemical performance of SnO2 nanosheets for Li-ion batteries was improved because the nanostructure increased the surface area, enhanced the structural stability, and shortened the diffusion distance of ions and electrons [21].
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