Abstract
Piezoelectric nanogenerators can convert energy from ambient vibrations into electrical energy. In the future, these nanogenerators could substitute conventional electrochemical batteries to supply electrical energy to consumer electronics. The optimal design of nanogenerators is fundamental in order to achieve their best electromechanical behavior. We present the analytical electromechanical modeling of a vibration-based piezoelectric nanogenerator composed of a double-clamped beam with five multilayered cross-sections. This nanogenerator design has a central seismic mass (910 μm thickness) and substrate (125 μm thickness) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as well as a zinc oxide film (100 nm thickness) at the bottom of each end. The zinc oxide (ZnO) films have two aluminum electrodes (100 nm thickness) through which the generated electrical energy is extracted. The analytical electromechanical modeling is based on the Rayleigh method, Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Macaulay method. In addition, finite element method (FEM) models are developed to estimate the electromechanical behavior of the nanogenerator. These FEM models consider air damping at atmospheric pressure and optimum load resistance. The analytical modeling results agree well with respect to those of FEM models. For applications under accelerations in y-direction of 2.50 m/s2 and an optimal load resistance of 32,458 Ω, the maximum output power and output power density of the nanogenerator at resonance (119.9 Hz) are 50.44 μW and 82.36 W/m3, respectively. This nanogenerator could be used to convert the ambient mechanical vibrations into electrical energy and supply low-power consumption devices.
Highlights
The world population growth and technological development have increased the energy consumption through electronic components and devices
The electrochemical batteries have large volume, which may increase the size of the electronic devices
The output voltages of the micro and nanogenerators can be increased when they are designed to operate at resonance with similar frequencies to those of ambient vibrations or mechanical motions
Summary
The world population growth and technological development have increased the energy consumption through electronic components and devices. In order to substitute these batteries, the micro and nanogenerators can be employed to obtain electrical energy from ambient vibrations or mechanical motions such as vehicles vibrations, human body motions, buildings vibrations, water wave motions, and wind sources [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] These micro and nanogenerators can use different transduction mechanisms: electromagnetic, electrostatic, triboelectric, thermoelectric or piezoelectric [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. To obtain better estimations about the performance of these devices, the analytical electromechanical modeling should consider all their layers and variations along the cross-sections
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