Electromechanical delay during functional electrical stimulation induced cycling is a function of lower limb position

Abstract

Introduction Functional electrical stimulation (FES) induced cycling has been shown to be an effective rehabilitation for those with lower limb movement disorders. However, a consequence of FES is an electromechanical delay (EMD) existing between the stimulation input and the onset of muscle force. The objective of this study is to determine if the cycle crank angle has an effect on the EMD. Methods Experiments were performed on 10 participants, five healthy and five with neurological conditions resulting in movement disorders. A motor fixed the crank arm of a FES-cycle in 10° increments and at each angle stimulation was applied in a random sequence to a combination of the quadriceps femoris and gluteal muscle groups. The EMD was examined by considering the contraction delay (CD) and the residual delay (RD), where the CD (RD) is the time latency between the start (end) of stimulation and the onset (cessation) of torque. Two different measurements were used to examine the CD and RD. Further, two multiple linear regressions were performed on each measurement, one for the left and one for the right muscle groups. Results The crank angle was determined to be statistically relevant for both the CD and RD. Conclusions Since the crank angle has a significant effect on both the CD and RD, the angle has a significant effect on the EMD. Therefore, future efforts should consider the importance of the crank angle when modelling or estimating the EMD to improve control designs and ultimately improve rehabilitative treatments. Implications for rehabilitation New model predicts the delayed response of muscle torque production to electrical stimulation as a function of limb position during FES cycling. The model can inform closed-loop electrical stimulation induced rehabilitative cycling.