Abstract
A comprehensive electromagnetic scattering model for ship wakes on the sea surface is proposed to study the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery for ship wakes. Our model considers a coupling of various wave systems, including Kelvin wake, turbulent wake, and the ocean ambient waves induced by the local wind. The fluid–structure coupling between the ship and the water surface is considered using the Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation, and the wave–current effect between the ship wake and wind waves is considered using the wave modulation model. The scattering model can better describe the interaction of the ship wakes on sea surface and illustrates well the features of the ship wakes with local wind waves in SAR images.
Highlights
Ship wakes on a random sea surface usually contain multiple wave modes and systems.Their synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are not the same under different conditions
The turbulent wake appears as a dark centerline, and the Kelvin wake appear on both sides
Compared with the original scattering model for the sea surface, the proposed model could characterize the sea surface roughness variations much smaller than the discrete scale. This is of great significance to the simulation of the ship wakes with multi-scale features, especially for the turbulent wakes, which are caused by the short wave attenuation of the ambient waves
Summary
Ship wakes on a random sea surface usually contain multiple wave modes and systems. Their SAR images are not the same under different conditions. The earliest research on ship wakes can be traced back to Lord Kelvin in the 19th century. He found that in deep water, ship waves consisted of the transverse and divergence, two wave systems. These ship waves are distributed in a fixed angle of approximately
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