Abstract
In the context of preserving and improving human health, electrodialytic processes are very promising perspectives. Indeed, they allow the treatment of water, preservation of food products, production of bioactive compounds, extraction of organic acids, and recovery of energy from natural and wastewaters without major environmental impact. Hence, the aim of the present review is to give a global portrait of the most recent developments in electrodialytic membrane phenomena and their uses in sustainable strategies. It has appeared that new knowledge on pulsed electric fields, electroconvective vortices, overlimiting conditions and reversal modes as well as recent demonstrations of their applications are currently boosting the interest for electrodialytic processes. However, the hurdles are still high when dealing with scale-ups and real-life conditions. Furthermore, looking at the recent research trends, potable water and wastewater treatment as well as the production of value-added bioactive products in a circular economy will probably be the main applications to be developed and improved. All these processes, taking into account their principles and specificities, can be used for specific eco-efficient applications. However, to prove the sustainability of such process strategies, more life cycle assessments will be necessary to convince people of the merits of coupling these technologies.
Highlights
As shown recently by the Covid-19 sanitary crisis, the major global issue of the modern society is the protection of the human health
The emergence of bipolar membranes, leading to new and different applications where pH differences play a major role, the growing importance of resource recovery and related selective recovery of anions and metals, and the design of alternative electrodialysis stack configurations, which are intended for selective separation in a series of applications [4], in parallel with an increase in population and urbanization of the Asia-Pacific region accelerated the needs for electrodialytic systems
When overlimiting conditions are reached, the space-charge region (SCR) thickness increases due to the appearance of a non-equilibrium zone and extends up to several hundred nanometers, which is wider than the electric double layer (EDL) thickness [51]
Summary
As shown recently by the Covid-19 sanitary crisis, the major global issue of the modern society is the protection of the human health. From longstanding to emerging hazards, environmental factors are a root cause of a significant burden of death, disease and disability, and the resulting impacts are estimated to cause about 25% of death and disease worldwide [3] In this context of preserving and improving human health, electrodialytic processes are very promising perspectives. Deionization (MCDI) a combination of ion-exchange resin beads filling and electrode reaction to produce pure water (Figure 1) Taking into account their principles and specificities, all these processes can be used or adapted to special eco-efficient applications for the sake of improving human health and the well-being of populations. ElecEtlreocdtrioadlyiatilcystiycstseymstseamres uasreeduaslleadroaullndartohuenwdortlhdefowrofirvlde mfoarinfipvuerpmoasiens: p(1u)rwpoasteesr:d(e1s)alwinaatteior n suchdeassadliensaatliionnatsiuocnhoafssedaeswalaitneart,idonesoaflisneaatiwonatoefr,wdeelslawliantaetri,odneonfitwrifielclawtiaotne,rt,rdeeantmitreinfitcoatfibonra, ctkreisahtmweantter, etc.,o(f2b)rwacaksitsehwwaatteerr,treetac.t,m(2e)nwt saustcehwaastderestraeliantmateionnt sauncdhraescydcelsianlginoaftidornaainnadgreefcryocmlinigndofudstrraiianlapgreofcreosmses, desalination of leachate from landfill site, desalination and recycling of drainage from activated sludge, etc., (3) food applications for removal of tartaric acid from wine, desalination of cheese whey, purification of lactose, lactulose, and galactose, desalination of molasses, etc., (4) biotechnology/pharmaceutical applications such as desalination of amino acid solution, refining of amino acids, desalination of pharmaceutical intermediates, recovery of blood plasma proteins, acid and base production, solvent purification, etc. and (5) others such as rinse water for electronics processing, reuse of electroless plating baths, treatment of boiler feed water, production of ultrapure water
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