Abstract
Coatings deposited under an electric field are applied for the surface modification of biomaterials. This review is aimed to characterize the state-of-art in this area with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of used methods, process determinants, and properties of coatings. Over 170 articles, published mainly during the last ten years, were chosen, and reviewed as the most representative. The most recent developments of metallic, ceramic, polymer, and composite electrodeposited coatings are described focusing on their microstructure and properties. The direct cathodic electrodeposition, pulse cathodic deposition, electrophoretic deposition, plasma electrochemical oxidation in electrolytes rich in phosphates and calcium ions, electro-spark, and electro-discharge methods are characterized. The effects of electrolyte composition, potential and current, pH, and temperature are discussed. The review demonstrates that the most popular are direct and pulse cathodic electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition. The research is mainly aimed to introduce new coatings rather than to investigate the effects of process parameters on the properties of deposits. So far tests aim to enhance bioactivity, mechanical strength and adhesion, antibacterial efficiency, and to a lesser extent the corrosion resistance.
Highlights
The coatings are widely applied for different purposes in the national economies and households.The metallic and polymeric coatings as paints and lacquers are used for the protection of metallic ferrous and nonferrous constructions, in buildings and houses for long term anti-corrosion protection and esthetic effects
In [141], composite coatings consisting of polypyrrole (PPy) and Nb2 O5 nanoparticles were obtained by Electrocathodic Deposition (ECD) on 316L stainless steel resulting in enhanced hardness, superior biocompatibility and enhanced corrosion protection as compared to pure PPy coatings
The size of HPa seems to play an important role in biological behavior; the cell adhesion was better on the small- and middle-sized nanocrystals (SHA, MHA > LHA), which was interestingly opposite in cell spreading (LHA > SHA, MHA), and the cell proliferation was again up-regulated on SHA and MHA [42]
Summary
The coatings are widely applied for different purposes in the national economies and households. They may be formed by various techniques such as direct electrocathodic deposition (ECD), pulse electrocathodic deposition (PED), electrophoretic deposition (EPD), plasma electrochemical oxidation (PEO) called micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in calcium, and phosphorus-containing phosphate solutions, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD), magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and many others. They may coat the solid or porous substrates. Liu et al [19] exhaustively described the PEO technique, plasma spraying, ion implantation, laser surface treatment, sol-gel method, and friction stir processing for biological applications. The material effects followed by processing effects are subsequently presented together with, at the end of each of the sections, a short summary of the state-of-the-art and prognosis concerning future research
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