Electrochemically deposition of ionic liquid modified graphene oxide for circulated headspace in-tube solid phase microextraction of naphthalene from honey samples followed by on-line liquid chromatography analysis.

Abstract

In this work, an inexpensive, fast, and selective ionic liquid modified graphene oxide (GO-IL) was synthesized and electrochemically deposited on the inner surface of a stainless-steel tube. Then, it was applied for circulated headspace in-tube solid-phase microextraction (CHS-IT-SPME) of naphthalene from honey samples. Next, the coated tube was replaced with the sample loop of a six-port injection valve for on-line desorption and further HPLC-UV analysis of naphthalene. The sorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Different parameters affecting the procedure efficiency, including extraction temperature, extraction time, salt concentration, and sample volume were optimized by central composite design and response surface methodology. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.3-200 ng mL-1, with a regression coefficient of 0.9972. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.1 ng mL-1 and 0.3 ng mL-1, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day RSDs% for three replicate measurements of naphthalene at the concentration of 10 ng mL-1 were obtained 3.9% and 5.0%, respectively. Also, good tube-to-tube reproducibility of 5.3% was achieved. Finally, the method was successfully applied for measuring trace amounts of naphthalene in honey samples. Relative recoveries were calculated within the range of 90.0-106.5%, indicating excellent efficiency of the proposed method.