Abstract
The stability of anodic films potentiodynamically grown on titanium, titanium-grade 2, and Ti6Al4V alloy was studied in a simulated physiological electrolyte, up to 8.0 V, and at room temperature to determine the corrosion resistance levels of dental implants. In PBS (phosphate buffer saline) solution, thin titanium oxide films protect the surface of the Ti6%Al4%V alloy up to 6.0 V, pure Ti up to 8.0 V, and Ti-grade 2 up to 1.5 V. At more positive potentials, localized corrosion starts to occur possibly due to the alloy elements (Ti6Al4V-V and Al) and variable levels of interstitials (Ti-grade 2: C, N, and Fe, mainly). When the biomaterials were submitted to open-circuit conditions, in artificial saliva, the worst corrosion resistance was observed in dental implant (Ti-grade 2), according to the open-circuit potential values and reconstruction rate analysis of these oxide films. The XPS spectra revealed TiO2oxide as the main phase in the barrier oxide film coating the dental implant.
Highlights
The use of titanium as a material for surgical purposes began around the 1960s
The high corrosion resistance of titanium is due to the formation of these protective oxide films [2], but body fluids contain chloride ions that can induce a breakdown of passive films on prostheses [3, 4]
It was shown that thin titanium oxide films grown potentiodynamically protect the Ti-grade 2 surfaces up to 1.5 V in artificial saliva, at room temperature
Summary
The use of titanium as a material for surgical purposes began around the 1960s. For this purpose, this material must not cause any adverse biological reaction in the body, and it must be stable and retain its functional properties. The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys results from the formation of very stable, continuous, highly adherent, and protective oxide films on metal surfaces. The high corrosion resistance of titanium is due to the formation of these protective oxide films (thickness 1 to 4 nm) [2], but body fluids contain chloride ions that can induce a breakdown of passive films on prostheses [3, 4]. The thin oxide film, naturally formed on a titanium substrate, is responsible for the excellent biocompatibility of titanium implants This fact occurs because of the low level of electronic conductivity, a thermodynamically stable state in the physiological media, besides high corrosion resistance [6]. The electrochemical properties of the oxide film and its long-term stability in biological environments play a decisive role for the biocompatibility of titanium implants [12,13,14]. The titanium oxide characterization was made through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and microstructural aspects by metallographic techniques
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