Electrochemical sodium insertion into the sol-gel birnessite manganese dioxide

Abstract

Electrochemical sodium insertion in the sol-gel lamellar birnessite MnO 1.84, 0.64 H 2O having a high preferred orientation is investigated. Chronopotentiometric and voltammetric measurements evidence two insertion processes: the first (0 < x ⩽ 0.35) occurs between 4.25 and 2.6 V and is accompanied by a significant decrease of the interlayer spacing while the second appears at 2.5 V (0.35 < x ⩽ 0.8) and induces no variation of the c parameter. The layered structure of the sol-gel compound allows the reversible insertion of Na + ions and cycling galvanostatic experiments performed at 40°C, at a discharge-charge rate of C/15 show that a high specific capacity (140 Ah kg −1), ie 75% of the initial capacity is achieved after the twentieth cycle.