Electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen, phenylephrine hydrochloride and cytosine in drugs and blood serum samples using β-AgVO3/ZrO2@g-C3N4 composite coated GC electrode

Abstract

In the recent past, the development of electrochemical sensors that can simultaneously sense different drugs has received great attention in the medical area. In the present study, a composite, β-AgVO3/ZrO2@g-C3N4/GCE, was developed and used for a concomitant determination of three drugs viz., acetaminophen (AAP), phenylephrine hydrochloride (PPH) and cytosine (CTS). The fabricated composite was characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, and HR-SEM. The purity of the individual components of the composite was established by their respective XRD patterns. HR-SEM exhibited rod shape for β-AgVO3. The results of electrochemical analysis of AAP, PPH and CTS depicted resolved peak potentials. The linear range corresponding to the detection of AAP, PPH and CTS was equal to 0.0055 to 149, 0.0049 to 56, and 0.0045 to 223.2 μM, respectively. Similarly, the low detection limit (LOD) for AAP, PPH and CTS was 8.3, 8.6 and 5.1 nM, respectively. The results demonstrate high sensitivity of the modified electrode. The electrode’s reproducibility, selectivity, stability and repeatability were also established. The simultaneous determination of the drugs in the real samples such as blood serum, tablets and calf thymus DNA were also successfully achieved. So, the electrode composite is verified as a good choice for commercial sensor fabrication. In this manner, the present electrode can hold an incredible guarantee for recognizable proof and evaluation of medications in a mixture.