Electrochemical Oscillation during Galvanostatic Charging of LiCrTiO4 in Li-Ion Batteries.

Zhijie Xu,Yong Chen,Fangxu Hu,De Li

doi:10.3390/ma14133624

Abstract

In the late 1960s, the establishment of Prigogine’s dissipative structure theory laid the foundation for the (electro)chemical oscillation phenomenon, which has been widely investigated in some electrochemical reactions, such as electro-catalysis and electro-deposition, while the electrochemical oscillation of Li-ion batteries has just been discovered in spinel Li4Ti5O12 a few years before. In this work, spinel LiCrTiO4 samples were synthesized by using a high-temperature solid-state method, characterized with SEM (Scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), Raman and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements, and electrochemically tested in Li-ion batteries to study the electrochemical oscillation. When sintering in a powder form at a temperature between 800 and 900 °C, we achieved the electrochemical oscillation of spinel LiCrTiO4 during charging, and it is suppressed in the non-stoichiometric LiCrTiO4 samples, especially for reducing the Li content or increasing the Cr content. Therefore, this work developed another two-phase material as the powder-sintered LiCrTiO4 exhibiting the electrochemical oscillation in Li-ion batteries, which would inspire us to explore more two-phase electrode materials in Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, etc.

Highlights

LiCrTiO4 samples (Li)-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, [1,2,3] and graphite is a commercial anode material in Li-ion batteries, while it suffers from poor rate capability and serious safety issues, owing to lithium dendritic growth, especially at low temperature [4,5]
The electrochemical oscillation of Li-ion batteries has just been discovered in spinel Li4 Ti5 O12 a few years before, which presents as a periodic voltage oscillation during the galvanostatic process in Li-ion batteries
Through tailoring the sintering temperature, the elemental ratio of Li:Cr:Ti, and the sintering form as powder or pellet, we found that the electrochemical oscillation can be achieved in the stoichiometric

Summary

Introduction

Li-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, [1,2,3] and graphite is a commercial anode material in Li-ion batteries, while it suffers from poor rate capability and serious safety issues, owing to lithium dendritic growth, especially at low temperature [4,5]. Spinel Li4 Ti5 O12 is considered among the promising anode materials, which can prevent the growth of lithium dendrites to achieve safe and reliable high-power Li-ion batteries, owing to the high operating voltage of. Spinel LiCrTiO4 was synthesized by using a high-temperature solid-state method, characterized with SEM, XRD, Raman and XPS measurements, and electrochemically tested in Li-ion batteries. This work firstly discovered the electrochemical oscillation in another two-phase material of spinel LiCrTiO4 , which can promote the investigation of electrochemical oscillation in Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, etc

Experimental Section

Results and Discussion

The of SEM

Ti3LiCrTiO

Conclusions