Abstract
The terminology used in electrochemical methods which are used to generate the measured signal in antioxidant/oxidant activity (AOA/OA) sensors is briefly considered. The review presents a hybrid version of electrochemical methods for the determination of AOA/OA. Invasive electrochemical methods/sensors for AOA/OA of blood/serum/plasma, and non-invasive ones for semen, sweat, saliva and skin determination are described. AOA/OA sensors application in health estimation, cosmetology, food and nutrients is presented. Attention is paid to widely described approaches and technologies used in chemical/biochemical sensors. It will be considered as base/prototypes for developing sensors of the kind for AOA/OA determination. Prospects for the development of wearable, written sensors and biosensors are considered. Miniature and wireless sensors will allow for the monitoring of the patient’s state, both at the bedside and far beyond the hospital. The development of wearable self-powered written and printed sensors is an important step towards personalized medicine.
Highlights
Sensors Technology Center, Ural State University of Economics, 62/45, 8 Marta/Narodnoi Voli St., Laboratory of sensor technologies in eco, bio, and pharmaceutical monitoring, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
The purpose of the review is: (i) to systematize data on hybrid electrochemical method determination of antioxidant/oxidant activity (AOA/OA), paying attention to variants developed for liquids and condensed media analysis; (ii) to consider sensory support for antioxidant activity (AOA)/OA monitoring of: biological fluids, skin, food, cosmetics, etc.; (iii) to describe an application of these sensors as the diagnostic tool of oxidative stress (OS) estimation; and (iv) to try to forethought future perspectives and challenges
Electrochemical methods are based on electrochemical oxidation–reduction reactions occurring on the interface electrode or in the volume of the solution, the result of which is recorded [14]
Summary
“Chemistry widely spreads its arms in human existence” [1] (p. 362). This idea by M. The purpose of the review is: (i) to systematize data on hybrid electrochemical method determination of AOA/OA, paying attention to variants developed for liquids and condensed media analysis; (ii) to consider sensory support for AOA/OA monitoring of: biological fluids (blood plasma, saliva, etc.), skin, food, cosmetics, etc.; (iii) to describe an application of these sensors as the diagnostic tool of OS estimation; and (iv) to try to forethought future perspectives and challenges. The current state of sensor development to determine AOA/OA (concentration of determined compounds); terminology, importance of AOA/OA units expression standardization; hybrid variants of chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry as a tool for AOA/OA determination invasive and non-invasive electrochemical methods and sensors for estimation of AOA/OA of biological fluids and tissue (blood/serum (plasma), semen, sweat, saliva and skin. Taking into account the above definitions, ox/red electrodes can be classified as sensors, and electrochemical cells containing a platinum electrode and a reference electrode (RE), along with, for example, wearable or contact electrodes in combination with screen-printed silver/chloride electrodes, can be considered as sensor systems
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