Abstract
Management and prognosis of diseases requires the measurement in non- or minimally invasively collected samples of specific circulating biomarkers, consisting of any measurable or observable factors in patients that indicate normal or disease-related biological processes or responses to therapy. Therefore, on-site, fast and accurate determination of these low abundance circulating biomarkers in scarcely treated body fluids is of great interest for health monitoring and biological applications. In this field, electrochemical DNA sensors (or genosensors) have demonstrated to be interesting alternatives to more complex conventional strategies. Currently, electrochemical genosensors are considered very promising analytical tools for this purpose due to their fast response, low cost, high sensitivity, compatibility with microfabrication technology and simple operation mode which makes them compatible with point-of-care (POC) testing. In this review, the relevance and current challenges of the determination of circulating biomarkers related to relevant diseases (cancer, bacterial and viral infections and neurodegenerative diseases) are briefly discussed. An overview of the electrochemical nucleic acid–based strategies developed in the last five years for this purpose is given to show to both familiar and non-expert readers the great potential of these methodologies for circulating biomarker determination. After highlighting the main features of the reported electrochemical genosensing strategies through the critical discussion of selected examples, a conclusions section points out the still existing challenges and future directions in this field.
Highlights
Diagnosis and treatment of any disease reduces its severity and possible complications, playing an important role in successful treatment
There is a great demand for developing new strategies for the reliable detection of circulating biomarkers due to the attractiveness of these approaches for non-invasive clinical diagnosis and prognosis and the compatibility with point-of-care (POC) applications
These strategies should improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment and accelerate decision-making in emergency situations. This demand of sensors especially tailored for the particular requirements of real-time analysis in physiological samples has driven the development of POC tests (POCT) able to provide non-trained personnel with clinical results within a few minutes in settings different from those of normal healthcare services [1]
Summary
Diagnosis and treatment of any disease reduces its severity and possible complications, playing an important role in successful treatment. There is a great demand for developing new strategies for the reliable detection of circulating biomarkers due to the attractiveness of these approaches for non-invasive clinical diagnosis and prognosis and the compatibility with point-of-care (POC) applications These strategies should improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment and accelerate decision-making in emergency situations (through rapid determination of parameters critical in time such as cardiac markers and blood metabolites). This demand of sensors especially tailored for the particular requirements of real-time analysis in physiological samples has driven the development of POC tests (POCT) able to provide non-trained personnel with clinical results within a few minutes in settings different from those of normal healthcare services [1].
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