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Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrokinetic method that allows for the characterization of intrinsic dielectric properties of cells. EIS has emerged in the last decade as a promising method for the characterization of cancerous cells, providing information on inductance, capacitance, and impedance of cells. The individual cell behavior can be quantified using its characteristic phase angle, amplitude, and frequency measurements obtained by fitting the input frequency-dependent cellular response to a resistor–capacitor circuit model. These electrical properties will provide important information about unique biomarkers related to the behavior of these cancerous cells, especially monitoring their chemoresistivity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. There are currently few methods to assess drug resistant cancer cells, and therefore it is difficult to identify and eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells found in static and metastatic tumors. Establishing techniques for the real-time monitoring of changes in cancer cell phenotypes is, therefore, important for understanding cancer cell dynamics and their plastic properties. EIS can be used to monitor these changes. In this review, we will cover the theory behind EIS, other impedance techniques, and how EIS can be used to monitor cell behavior and phenotype changes within cancerous cells.
Highlights
Cancer is a life altering disease that affects over 15 million people in the United States, and new cases are expected to rise to 19 million people by 2024 [1]
These results show that impedance sensing has the capability to distinguish metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer cells
This level of sensitivity displays that impedance may potentially be adequate for assessing liquid biopsies for circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a rare subpopulation of highly resistant cancer cells found in the blood of cancer patients with the ability to metastasize [61], and extracellular vesicles within the blood which both contribute to cancer cell heterogeneity and influence chemoresistance
Summary
Cancer is a life altering disease that affects over 15 million people in the United States, and new cases are expected to rise to 19 million people by 2024 [1]. Plasticity-based models predict that to cure cancer all cancer cells should be eliminated at once because any single surviving cell has the ability to repopulate the original tumor and to recapitulate the intratumoral heterogeneity and chemoresistance. In support of this hypothesis, a mathematical model predicted that chemotherapeutic elimination of in vitro cultures of heterogeneous cancer cells with interconversion will be effective only if it targets all cancer cell types [30]. These systems are better suited to examine the plasticity and chemoresistance of cancer cells
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