Abstract
AbstractSodium‐ion battery (SIB) is significant for grid‐scale energy storage. However, a large radius of Na ions raises the difficulties of ion intercalation, hindering the electrochemical performance during fast charge/discharge. Conventional strategies to promote rate performance focus on the optimization of ion diffusion. Improving interface capacitive‐like storage by tuning the electrical conductivity of electrodes is also expected to combine the features of the high energy density of batteries and the high power density of capacitors. Inspired by this concept, an oxide‐metal sandwich 3D‐ordered macroporous architecture (3DOM) stands out as a superior anode candidate for high‐rate SIBs. Taking Ni‐TiO2 sandwich 3DOM as a proof‐of‐concept, anatase TiO2 delivers a reversible capacity of 233.3 mAh g−1 in half‐cells and 210.1 mAh g−1 in full‐cells after 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1. At the high charge/discharge rate of 5000 mA g−1, 104.4 mAh g−1 in half‐cells and 68 mAh g−1 in full‐cells can also be obtained with satisfying stability. In‐depth analysis of electrochemical kinetics evidence that the dominated interface capacitive‐like storage enables ultrafast uptaking and releasing of Na‐ions. This understanding between electrical conductivity and rate performance of SIBs is expected to guild future design to realize effective energy storage.
Highlights
To solve the resulting problems of fossil fuel burning, the conversion and utilization of clean renewable energy are of high significance
Being a technologically facile approach, colloidal crystal template (CCT) method assisted by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a promising candidate to fabricate the sandwich 3D ordered microporous architecture (3DOM)
In summary, we have successfully developed an oxide-metal sandwich 3D ordered macroporous architecture (3DOM) as a superior anode candidate for high-rate sodium ion battery (SIB)
Summary
To solve the resulting problems of fossil fuel burning, the conversion and utilization of clean renewable energy are of high significance. Since the contributions at or near the interface are mainly controlled by surface instead of diffusion, and always accompanied with electron transfer or hopping,[10] sufficient electrical conductivity for fast electron movement might be significant to add extra capacitive-like sodium storage at or near the interface.[11] This enhancement would be expected to benefit for high-rate charge/discharge in short time Inspired by this understanding, an active material-metal current collectors and sandwich architecture is an effective candidate to shorten electron transport paths throughout the entire electrode, originated from high electrical conductivity of metal skeleton. At the high charge/discharge rate of 5000 mA g-1, TiO2 can deliver specific capacities of 104.4 mAhg-1 in half cells and 68 mAh g-1 in full cells with satisfied stability Such enhancement originates primarily from 3DOM Ni skeleton, which can serve as the supporter for anatase TiO2, and provide direct and reduced pathways for electron transport, leading to boosted interface capacitive-like storage. This observation is expected for a universal design to realize satisfied energy storage using other large transport ions
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