Abstract
Low carbon and renewable energy sources (RESs) are fast becoming a key sustainable instrument in meeting the global growth of electricity demand while curbing carbon emissions. For example, the gradual displacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles with electrically driven counterparts will inevitably increase both the power grid baseload and peak demand. In many developed countries, the electrification process of the transport sector has already started in tandem with the installation of multi-GW renewable energy capacity, particularly wind and solar, huge investment in power storage technology, and end-user energy demand management. The expansion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market presents a new opportunity to create a cleaner and transformative new energy carrier. For instance, a managed EV battery charging and discharging profile in conjunction with the national grid, known as the Vehicle-to-Grid system (V2G), is projected to be an important mechanism in reducing the impact of renewable energy intermittency. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current status of EVs and allied interface technology with the power grid. The main findings and statistical details are drawn from up-to-date publications highlighting the latest technological advancements, limitations, and potential future market development. The authors believe that electric vehicle technology will bring huge technological innovation to the energy market where the vehicle will serve both as a means of transport and a dynamic energy vector interfacing with the grid (V2G), buildings (V2B), and others (V2X).
Highlights
Reliable and affordable energy has been the main driver of global economic development and, in turn, an enhanced standard of living
The researcher claimed that producing a battery electric vehicle (BEV) battery with a capacity of 45 kWh in Europe may result in 2.7 tCO2e of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and the production of a Li-ion battery with an NMC811-graphite cathode would cause 20% less GHG emissions by 2030
Night, smart charge, and V2G charging strategies of Electric Vehicle (EV), and concluded that, 500,000 EVs have the ability to reduce the excess energy from an 8 GW wind farm by 800 MW, this EV fleet is not enough to balance demand and supply in the grid when the Renewable Energy (RE) usage rate is over 50%, and added that V2G is not effective in reducing the required installed power capacity
Summary
Reliable and affordable energy has been the main driver of global economic development and, in turn, an enhanced standard of living. V2G technology is a promising innovation providing a way to use EVs to store excess energy from RESs in the EV’s battery pack and release it back to the grid during the peak hours of energy demand, maximising the efficiency of large-scale RE integration. Another future development, which is close to market commercialisation, is ancillary services (ASs) such as management systems of frequency and voltage regulation of the grid [17,18]. The first signs of a reduction in the carbon emissions of the transport sector have started to emerge [30] and this trend should become even clearer as the EV market continues to grow in the future
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