Electric Vehicles Aggregation for Frequency Control of Microgrid under Various Operation Conditions Using an Optimal Coordinated Strategy

Sheeraz Iqbal,Noor Habib Khan,Muhammad Aurangzeb,Muhammad Ali,Salman Habib,Emad M Ahmed

doi:10.3390/su14053108

Abstract

This paper presents a novel optimal coordinated strategy for frequency regulation (FR) through electric vehicles (EVs) under variable power system operation states (PSOSs). The methodology ensures a secure and economical operation of the power system through the coordination of the frequency regulation, the power of the electric vehicles and generators with multiple optimization objectives. In the normal state of operation of the power system, the battery degradation cost is taken into account and accordingly the minimum FR cost is utilized as an objective. On the other hand, for abnormal operation, the optimization objective considers the minimum frequency restoration duration. Different scenarios have been investigated to validate the proposed method. The simulation results confirm the usefulness and superior performance of the proposed optimized coordinated control strategy.

Highlights

This study only considers the normal condition to be ‘normal,’ while the other four states are considered ‘abnormal.’ The proposed particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based fuzzy logic control (FLC) scheme for determining the required frequency regulation performance of a microgrid integrated with renewable energy sources (RES), nonrenewable energy sources, and prosumers
Some considerations to consider in the implementation of this offline optimization considerations to consider in the implementation of this offline optimization processprocess are: the power subjected to sufficient load disturbances to create enough are: thesystem power should systembe should be subjected to sufficient load disturbances to createscenarios enough in high accuracy conditions; conditions; and subjecting system tothe several permutations scenarios in highsimulation accuracy simulation andthe subjecting system to several of charge/discharge scenarios in various system operation states for optimum permutations of charge/discharge scenarios in various system operation statessampling
The frequency regulation (FR) control strategy taken from [13] is called as STRATEGY 2, where the control strategies and response preferences vary according to the varying operating states for FRRs

Summary

Introduction

The anticipated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction required by world environmental organizations necessitates the mainstreaming of renewable energy generation [1]. The future renewable energy power addition to power grids will subject the electricity systems to massive challenges further compounded by the intermittent and unpredictable nature of these resources, resulting in stress on the grids currently run by conventional FR techniques [2,3]. In vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, electric vehicles (EVs) are analogous to energy storage devices capable of charging and discharging to/from power grids [4]. The vehicle-to-grid power in USA, Italy UK, Germany, and other developed countries has a potential of 6.8 to 10 times the national electricity demand of these countries in the future [5]. The projected increase in EVs will provide a precious opportunity for the implementation of novel FR systems. The number of EVs in the US has already surpassed 1 million [6,7]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion