Abstract
The increasing use of renewable energy sources to combat climate change comes with the challenge of power imbalance and instability issues in emerging power grids. To mitigate power fluctuation arising from the intermittent nature of renewables, electric spring (ES) has been proposed as a fast demand-side management technology. Since its original conceptualization in 2011, many versions and variants of ESs have emerged and industrial evaluations have begun. This article provides an update of the existing ES topologies, their associated control methodologies, and studies from the device level to the power system level. Future trends of ESs in large-scale infrastructures are also addressed.
Highlights
INTRODUCTIONPower companies have been using traditional demand response methods such as (i) scheduling of deferrable loads (e.g. washing machines, dishwashers) [10], (ii) energy storage [11], real-time pricing [12] and direct on-off control of noncritical loads [13] in order to alleviate peak demands
The rapid contraction of sea ice in the Arctic [1] and Antarctica [2], huge bush fires in Amazon forest [3] and Australia [4], atmospheric CO2 concentration passing 400 ppm, and continual rising of acidity of seawater, sea level and global temperature [5] have prompted urgent needs to address climate change issues
In [63] and [64], a distributed cooperative control scheme is applied on the three-port DC Electric Springs (DCES) [60] and the shunt-type DCES to achieve the unanimous regulation of bus voltages and battery states of charge (SOC)
Summary
Power companies have been using traditional demand response methods such as (i) scheduling of deferrable loads (e.g. washing machines, dishwashers) [10], (ii) energy storage [11], real-time pricing [12] and direct on-off control of noncritical loads [13] in order to alleviate peak demands. These methods have their advantages, they have inherent limitations. Future trends of ES research are discussed before the conclusion section
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