Elastic waves in particulate glass-rubber mixture: experimental and numerical investigations/studies

Abstract

In this paper we study by wave propagation the elastic response of granular mixtures made of soft and stiff particles subjected under hydrostatic pressure/stress. This allows inferring fundamental properties of granular materials such as elastic moduli and dissipation mechanisms. We compare physical experiments in a triaxial cell equipped with piezoelectric wave transducers and Discrete Element Method simulations (DEM). In the experimental part, dense, static packings made of monodisperse glass and rubber beads are prepared at various levels of hydrostatic stress and species fractions. Small perturbations are generated on one side and the time of flight through the glass-rubber mixtures are measured to quantify the effect of the mixture composition on the elastic moduli. Interestingly, the experiments show that the behavior is non-linear and nonmonotonic with increasing percentage of rubber particles. Wave velocity and modulus remain fairly constant when increasing the fraction of rubber to 30%, while they experience a sudden drop between 30% and 60%, to become again constant between 60% to 100%. DEM simulations offer deeper insights into the micromechanics in and at the transition between the glass- and rubber-dominated regimes. The simplest analysis with Hertzian spherical particles of different stiffness is performed as a preliminary step. The behavior of mixtures with high glass content is very well captured by the simulations, without need of any additional calibration, whereas the complex interaction between rubber and glass leave open questions for further study.