Ein Blick in Hossers Küche. Analyse der Rechnungslegung des Küchenmeisters Jakob Hosser über die bei der Belagerung der Burg Weineck (1292) aufgewendeten Lebensmittel

Labeling Solid Fats and Added Sugars As Empty Calories

This article assesses the children’s influence on family purchase decision during the purchase of goods and services that explains major influence in purchasing decisions within the family. The main purpose of the study is to understand the relationship between factors of children’s influence on family purchase decisions. The social learning theory is used to link the factors that determine the influence of children and, after reviewing various relevant studies, the conceptual framework is developed. The study has used descriptive, explanatory design and quantitative in nature. The sources of data collection are the primary sources. Structured questionnaires are used to know the opinions of parents on their children’s influence on family purchase decisions. For the purposes of this survey, total 140 respondents (parents) are sampled by using convenience sampling method. The data collected from the questionnaire has been analyzed and interpreted with the help of SPSS 20 version to analysis the children’s influence on family purchase decision. The regression and correlation method has been employed to show the impact and correlation between the dependent and independent variables. The analysis revealed that children have significant influence on family purchase decisions, particularly in categories like durable, vacations, movies, eating. Moreover, types of products and peer influence are playing important role on family purchase decision. The findings reveal to a better understanding of the complex family buying behavior, offer valuable and insightful information for marketers to target family-oriented consumers.

Reviewed by: Rice, Agriculture, and the Food Supply in Premodern Japan by Charlotte von Verschuer W. Wayne Farris (bio) Rice, Agriculture, and the Food Supply in Premodern Japan. By Charlotte von Verschuer; translated by Wendy Cobcroft Routledge, London, 2016. xiv, 356 pages. $145.00. The place of rice in Japanese agriculture and civilization has been a contentious issue among scholars of all disciplines for 50 years or more. Sahara Makoto, the leading archaeologist of the Yayoi period (defined by Sahara as 300 BCE–300 CE), argued in his heyday (the 1980s) that rice was introduced to Japan during that period and overtook the islands almost overnight. According to Sahara, the chief characteristic of the Yayoi people was that they ate rice. On the other hand, Amino Yoshihiko, a historian of medieval Japan (roughly 1100–1600), told me once in a scholarly conversation that rice farmers comprised no more than 25 per cent of the population of Japan in the medieval period. Later, while I was doing research for Japan’s Medieval Population,1 I relayed Amino’s words to Hayami Akira, the dean of Japanese demographers specializing in the Edo period, who stated angrily [End Page 136] that Amino was a “fool” (baka). Such is the capacity of this issue to generate more heat than light. Charlotte von Verschuer therefore deserves great credit for walking into this minefield. Moreover, she cites a basketful of primary sources and secondary interpretations in a scholarly narrative that generates more light than heat. That is not to say that her book is without flaws. The argument repeats much information already available in English while neglecting other points, presents a dubious chronology of agricultural development in Japan, and forces the reader through pages of undigested primary sources. Reading this book was a chore akin to boring through solid rock. The contents may be summarized as follows. Rather than setting up the larger issue in the introduction, the author describes her conclusions and shows the differing routes by which Oryza sativa japonica and dry grains were introduced into Japan—rice from the south and unirrigated crops mainly from the north. I found the idea of dry crops being introduced from the north interesting and requiring more explanation while the discussion of wet rice merely repeated what is already known. Chapter 1, with its detailed account of the agricultural process and agricultural development from the Yayoi period through Edo times (1600–1868), is overlong. The side issues examined seem like digressions and do not receive the attention they deserve. Insufficient thought has been given to the presentation of primary sources. Chapter 2 offers a straightforward narrative of swidden or slash-and-burn agriculture, though one swamped with data (especially pp. 154–74). The conclusion (“swidden farming was a widespread reality in everyday life” [p. 185]) seems unremarkable. Chapter 3 is an interesting excursion into the world of wild plants harvested for food by Japanese farmers, with much information new to the English-language corpus. In chapter 4, the author seeks to calculate the average amount of rice consumed by the Japanese of the “early medieval era” (by Verschuer’s reckoning, 700–1200). There are many pitfalls to this type of calculation, but the unsurprising conclusion here is that wet rice supplied only 25 per cent of the caloric intake of the average resident of the archipelago. Chapter 5 deals with the place of rice in Japanese culture, proposing several new and tenuous readings of Japanese mythology. In place of the purported old view that all Japanese ate rice all the time, Verschuer argues that there was a “five grain” (gokoku) ideology and that Japanese commoners relied upon permanent crops, swidden grains, and foraging. I concur with this general conclusion and amidst the author’s tortuous presentation found several additional valuable insights. For example, I was heartened by Verschuer’s discussion of the direct sowing of rice grains onto soggy lands (p. 32) because so many descriptions of rice agriculture merely assume that transplanting was the rule from the Yayoi period. The section on harvesting is intelligent and nuanced, as she considers whether the rice plant [End Page 137] was removed near the root with an iron sickle...

Good eggs

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) are groups of compounds with similar chemical and toxicological properties. Carcinogenicity was considered the most serious toxic end point when setting previous regulatory policies, but recent concerns have focused on the possible endocrine-disrupting activities of the dioxins. Toxicity is related to the 2,3,7,8 pattern of chlorine substitution, a pattern that also leads to chemical and metabolic stability. Dioxins are practically insoluble in water and concentrate in lipids of biological systems, leading to low background concentrations in fat of the general human population. Major environmental sources of dioxins are emissions from industrial chlorination processes and combustion of materials containing chlorine. Inhalation and water have been ruled out as significant exposure pathways, which suggests that food is the primary source. Pathways of entry into food chains are atmospheric transport of emissions and their subsequent deposition on plants, soils, and water. The major food sources seem to be fat-containing animal products and some seafoods. This conclusion is based on evaluations of potential environmental pathways involving dioxins and related compounds. Generally, dioxins and other lipophilic compounds are not taken up and translocated by plants, so residues in foods and feeds derived from seeds should be negligible. Animals on high-roughage diets, or those that ingest contaminated soil, are the most likely to accumulate dioxin residues from the environment. The conclusion that animal products are a major source of human exposure requires verification by appropriate food sampling programs and animal metabolism studies. If it is desirable to reduce human exposure to dioxins via the food supply, reduction of sources would be a more effective strategy than changing agricultural practices and food consumption patterns.

In this paper, our objective is to analyze the evolution of Brazil-China relations since its official re-establishment, in 1974, until the beginning of the 2000s, focusing on the commercial patterns that constituted these interactions. We show that it was at the end of the 1990s that the current pattern in trade relations between countries was consolidated - characterized, on the Brazilian side, by the sale of basic products and imports of Chinese manufactured goods, and, on the Chinese side, the opposite process: sale of manufactured goods and purchase of Brazilian basic goods. We argue that the establishment of such a pattern in the late 1990s, and which remains until today, reflects, on the one hand, the way in which countries have inserted themselves into the broader dynamics of the international economy, and, on the other, its own internal choices about which development paths to follow. To carry out the work, a bibliographic review and data collection from primary sources were used.

Nesse texto iremos discutir os fatores e processos envolvidos na formação dasredes de abastecimento de gêneros alimentícios no século XIX, estabelecendo como eixo principal as interações sócio-espaciais que o porto do Rio de Janeiro mantinha com os portos costeiros do Brasil. Ao estudar as redes de abastecimento no século XIX não intentamos reter do passado aquilo que é essencial para a compreensão do presente, e sim entender qual a lógica e as práticas sócio-espaciais envolvidas na formação dessa rede. A fonte primária consultada foi o Códice de Embarcações, disponibilizada pelo Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (AGCRJ), que retrata o comércio de cabotagem entre1795-1828. A rede em tela foi marcada por uma interconexão instável entre os lugares que a formavam. Onde as redes existem elas são vetores de diferenciação.Uma pluralidade de pontos estava articulada por inúmeras ramificações que partiam de pontos privilegiados do território, em especial do Centro-Sul.

The analysis of botanical remains from two Roman quarry settlements has demonstrated that, despite their location in the remote Eastern Desert of Egypt, the workforce had access to a healthy and well-balanced diet, comprising carbohydrates, protein, sugars, fats, minerals and vitamins. Both staple foods and luxuries have been identified, demonstrating that the food supply to these sites was concerned with much more than basic survival and human nutrition. Some of the foods were supplied in kind, but the workmen also received a salary with which purchases of further foods, luxuries and other goods could be made. Remarkably, some foods, i.e. vegetables, were locally grown, highlighting the value attached to fresh ‘greens’. The results provide new evidence for a highly developed food economy in Roman Egypt, able to support substantial non-agricultural communities.

Predicting the dynamics of ecosystems requires an understanding of how trophic interactions respond to environmental change. In Antarctic marine ecosystems, food web dynamics are inextricably linked to sea ice conditions that affect the nature and magnitude of primary food sources available to higher trophic levels. Recent attention on the changing sea ice conditions in polar seas highlights the need to better understand how marine food webs respond to changes in such broad-scale environmental drivers. This study investigated the importance of sea ice and advected primary food sources to the structure of benthic food webs in coastal Antarctica. We compared the isotopic composition of several seafloor taxa (including primary producers and invertebrates with a variety of feeding modes) that are widely distributed in the Antarctic. We assessed shifts in the trophic role of numerically dominant benthic omnivores at five coastal Ross Sea locations. These locations vary in primary productivity and food availability, due to their different levels of sea ice cover, and proximity to polynyas and advected primary production. The delta15N signatures and isotope mixing model results for the bivalves Laternula elliptica and Adamussium colbecki and the urchin Sterechinus neumeyeri indicate a shift from consumption of a higher proportion of detritus at locations with more permanent sea ice in the south to more freshly produced algal material associated with proximity to ice-free water in the north and east. The detrital pathways utilized by many benthic species may act to dampen the impacts of large seasonal fluctuations in the availability of primary production. The limiting relationship between sea ice distribution and in situ primary productivity emphasizes the role of connectivity and spatial subsidies of organic matter in fueling the food web. Our results begin to provide a basis for predicting how benthic ecosystems will respond to changes in sea ice persistence and extent along environmental gradients in the high Antarctic.

Judd, R. W. Common Lands, Common People: the Origins of Conservation in Northern New England. 1997 . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA . 335 pp. $18.95. ISBN 0-674-00416-7 . In this intriguing conservation history, Richard Judd argues that, rather than arising in the wilderness West from progressive or scientific, elitist roots, the conservation movement in America had its roots among common farmers and fishers of nineteenth-century New England. It developed as these common folk were grappling with threats to their deeply held beliefs in democratic access to and common stewardship of natural resources. Relying heavily on primary sources, including agricultural journals, local news reports, legislative records, and commission reports, Judd develops a series of case studies to detail the common people's attempts to protect and preserve their familiar landscapes and resources in the face of social and institutional changes. Selected etchings, historical photographs, and maps are used effectively to illustrate points in the text. In this context, he includes Massachusetts along with New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine in northern New England with the reasonable argument that these states all share strong, historical and political connections as well as similar landscapes, forests, and coastlines. The book is divided into four main sections. The first, “Foundations,” describes the pioneering settlement of the northeastern frontier in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which depended largely on exploitation of the abundant natural resources of the region. Judd sees this initial exploitation as being followed by an attempt to create a properly ordered cultural landscape containing a balance of farm and nature. The Massachusetts Bay Colony's Great Pond Ordinance of 1641, which established open access to bodies of fresh water 10 acres or more in size, and early land divisions within colonial towns reflect a collective commitment to equitable allocation of common resources and the priority of community welfare over private resource rights. These attitudes persisted and gradually evolved through this era as farm and forage subsistence was gradually supplanted by more progressive farming practices. The rise of commercial resource users further strained these traditions. This section concludes with a discussion of efforts to restock the region's already depleted inland fisheries and an examination of the ensuing legal disputes over access rights to these replenished resources. The second section, “Common Lands,” begins with an examination of the farm reform movement. Judd views these farmers, struggling in an often marginal landscape and in the face of major economic and environmental changes to create a morally ordained, efficiently used landscape, as the foundation for Pinchot's utilitarian conservation ideas. In fact, he views these farmers as the first practical foresters, working to improve the productivity and appearance of their woodlots. At the same time, larger logging operations and their resulting environmental problems were causing major concerns throughout the East. These concerns led to the establishment of state Forestry Commissions in the late 1880s. The second section concludes with an examination of the rise of the Romantic strain of landscape appreciation in urban areas, its merger with agrarian land stewardship, and the fight for the creation of the White Mountain National Forest. This New Hampshire case is contrasted with the situation in Maine, where substantially different land-ownership, population, and development patterns and political structures produced a dramatically different approach to forest conservation. Section three, “Common Waters,” highlights the many conflicts that arose as social and economic changes impinged on the traditional culture of local and regional fisheries. Damming rivers and streams for industrial power in conjunction with increasingly efficient commercial fishing downstream or in the bays virtually eliminated many local fisheries. Opposing views of agrarian labor or industrial capital as the source of economic value fueled much of the ensuing political debate. Inability to resolve these conflicts at the local level led to the creation of the New England state Fisheries Commissions in the 1860s. Judd reviews the attempts of these commissions, the first government agencies specifically devoted to resource conservation, to restore migratory river fisheries. Despite considerable scientific understanding, these attempts were largely unsuccessful for political reasons. Judd then traces a gradual shift in the commissions' activities away from large rivers and food supplies toward smaller, upper-watershed streams and recreational fishing, setting the stage for modern, progressive conservation efforts. The final section, “Rural Traditions in the Progressive Era,” follows this shift from rural proponents of conservation based on utilitarian views of land use to urban proponents of conservation based on Romantic recreational ideals and the accompanying shift from local to remote control of resources. Judd sees this change driven initially by rising urbanism and a resulting increase in tourism in these rural, often economically depressed areas. The resulting conflicts pitted recreational fly fishers against subsistence bait fishers, encouraged outside recreational hunters by establishing closed seasons, and emphasized class antagonisms. Still, Judd argues, the conservation movement in northern New England at the start of the twentieth century was not so neatly split as it seemed at the national level between aesthetic preservationists and utilitarian conservationists. Finally, Judd details parallel conflicts between locals and outsiders in coastal fisheries, as native part-time fishers were confronted with competition from commercial fishers for a declining resource. In this instance, science rather than Romantic ideals determined a progressive conservation program, but traditional cultures strongly influenced policy largely because the local people were accustomed to a democratic economic structure, were politically active, and were still able to influence regional policy. A difficulty with the book, albeit a relatively minor one, is that the case studies, organized by topic, are not sequential and seem somewhat disjointed. Although Judd lays out his thesis and approach clearly in the introduction, it can be difficult to keep in mind the overall sequence of developments. Whether or not one agrees with Judd that the national conservation movement began in these New England villages, his description of the common people's responses to threats to their common resources posed by social and economic change is compelling and shows “commitment among common people to protect and preserve a familiar landscape” (p. 266). As an ecologist attempting to interpret the current landscapes and environmental processes in New England, I am ever more aware that it is impossible to understand the present or to plan for the future without a thorough understanding of the past. I especially recommend this book to scientists and biology students because it documents through very readable case studies the critical roles of history and politics in shaping our interaction with the environment. As Judd points out “it is important to remember that environmental thought receives its power less from scientific or legal accuracy than from the way it resonates with popular social impulses” ( pp. 11–12). Effective conservation depends on recognition of these intricate connections between nature and culture, between natural communities and human communities.

REVIEWS I57 tatarovedenie, focused on the development of a national consciousness, at the expense of religion. As the author reminds us, the term 'Tatar', like 'Turk', has had many a meaning in modern times. Noack is also concerned to distinguishhis analysisfrom that which has come to predominate in the postSoviet period, with its focus on the cultural,linguisticand social, dimension of nationalism:he insistson the centralityof Islam in this regional nationalism. He is also at pains to show how this Muslim consciousness in the Volga-Ural region was, while aware of what was happening elsewhere, in the newly conquered Central Asia and in the Ottoman empire, a distinctivelyregional one. To complete the argument, he also questions how far the Muslim nationalism that emerged in this period could be seen as drawing on a prenationalist 'substratum',based on the Tatar state or on myths denoting the area as a sacred one, and invoking the conversion of these lands to Islam on the orders of the Prophet Mohammad and accounts of saints and heroes buriedthere. Noack's historyis, therefore,one that combines an account of the internal, discursivedevelopment of thisMuslimnationalismwith analysisof the context in which idea and movement of nation developed: he gives a detailed picture of the changing character of Tatar society, and the social background of political activists,but also of something too easily omitted from endogenous accounts of the emergence of nationalism, the role of the broader political context and, very crucially, of the Tsarist state in both stimulating and inhibiting this consciousness. Parallels suggest themselves both with other reform and national movements within the Tsarist empire, notably that of Jews, but also the way in which imperial domination and state intervention prompted the development of nationalism in European colonies. This is a signal contribution to the study of nationalism, the analysis of early modern Islamicmovements and the historyof TsaristRussia alike. Department ofInternational Relations FRED HALLIDAY London School ofEconomics Murphy, A. B. (with the assistance of F. Patrikeeff). TheRussianCivil War. Primagy Sources. Macmillan, Basingstoke and London, and St Martin's Press, New York, 2000. XViii + 274 pp. Glossary. Select Bibliography. Maps. Index. ?45.00. THIsbook is mysteriously- indeed, misleadingly- entitled. It emphatically is not a general collection of primary sources on the history of the Russian civil war which might compare, for example, with Martin McCauley's T7he Russian Revolution andtheSoviet State,I9I7-I92I. Documents (Londonand Basingstoke, 1975). Rather, it might best be regarded as a rather peculiar postscriptto an earliervolume with which the author was involved as ajoint editor:Swain, G. R. etal., TheRussianCivilWar: Documentsfrom theSoviet Archives (London and Basingstoke, I996). That volume collected materials from a number of Russian archives relating to a variety of aspects of the civil war. This volume, in open defiance of itstitle, isvery narrowlyfocused on events in just one theatre, South Russia (or, even more specifically, the Don), and I58 SEER, 8o, I, 2002 includes materialsfromjust two archives:RTsKhIDNI and GARO (Gosudarstvennyi arkhivRostovskoi oblasti). In fact, the overwhelming majority of the materialsincluded come from the latter. The mistitling of the volume is carried over to the individual chapters. Chapter One 'I 9 I8: GermansRout Reds' is actuallyabout the experiences in I9 I8 of the Don Cossacks;not a single document included in it relatesdirectly to the Soviet-German conflict. Chapter Two, which is bafflingly entitled 'I9I9: Whites', is also entirely devoted to the Don Cossacks (specificallyto low-level squabblesand petitionsover pay, food suppliesand accommodation in Novocherkasskand elsewhere). Chapter Three 'I919: Red Strategy' does contain some interesting,high-level documents authoredby Trotsky,Vatsetis and Smilga, considering issues of Red strategy on the Southern Front in summer I9I9; they serve to illuminate both the depth of the crisisperceived by the Red leadership and how it came to be resolved. The chapter also, however, contains long sections on the Greens, on food supplies (down to April I92I), on the role of commissarsin the Red Army and other issues of personnel and management. These are, in part, also interesting, but they hardly deserve to be subsumedunder that chapter title. Chapter Four 'I9I9: Who Will Win?' is almost entirely devoted to the Don Cossack Rebellion of I9 I9 and to the case of Colonel Mironov. Fascinatingstuffbut, at...

Occurrence of non-sorbitol fermenting, verocytotoxin-lacking Escherichia coli O157 on cattle farms

Pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms significantly influence plant growth and crop productivity. Enhancing crop disease resistance and maximizing the beneficial role of symbiotic microorganisms in agriculture constitute critical areas of scientific investigation. A fundamental aspect of plant-microorganisms interactions revolves around nutritional dynamics, characterized by either "food shortage" or "food supply" scenarios. Notably, pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms predominantly utilize photosynthetic sugars as their primary carbon source during host colonization. This phenomenon has generated substantial interest in the regulatory mechanisms governing sugar transport and redistribution at the plant-microorganism interface. Sugar transporters, which primarily mediate the allocation of sugars to various sink organs, have emerged as crucial players in plant-pathogen interactions and the establishment of beneficial symbiotic associations. This review systematically categorized plant sugar transporters and highlighted their functional significance in mediating plant interactions with pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms. Furthermore, we synthesized recent advancements in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of these transporters and identified key scientific questions warranting further investigation. Elucidating the roles of sugar transporters offers novel strategies for enhancing crop health and productivity, thereby contributing to agricultural sustainability and global food security.

Cookbooks for Making History: As Sources for Historians and as Records of the Past

W opracowaniu podjęto próbę identyfikacji i charakterystyki poszczególnych typów strategii oszczędnościowych wiejskich gospodarstw domowych w województwie małopolskim, a także określenia motywów, którymi kierują się konsumenci podczas podejmowania decyzji o oszczędzaniu. W badaniach wykorzystano źródła pierwotne (kwestionariusz wywiadu – 394 respondentów) oraz wtórne. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że wiejskie gospodarstwa domowe charakteryzują się małą skłonnością do oszczędzania. Prawie 60% respondentów nie posiadało jakichkolwiek oszczędności. Głównymi formami gromadzenia oszczędności przez wiejskie gospodarstwa domowe były lokaty bankowe i gotówka. Zgromadzone środki pieniężne stanowiły rezerwę na nieprzewidziane zdarzenia losowe, remont domu oraz zakup dóbr trwałego użytku. Wiejskie gospodarstwa domowe różnią się pod względem realizowanych strategii oszczędzania. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy wyodrębniono trzy strategie oszczędnościowe, wśród których dominującą była konserwatywna.