Abstract
Since the citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), was introduced in Korea and many European countries, it has caused serious damage to various agricultural crops and landscape plants. Metcalfa pruinosa hibernates as eggs beneath the bark and in cracks of tree branches, and then substantial numbers of the first instar nymphs fall from the trees and move to other host plants. Knowing the timing of egg hatching and falling of the first instar nymphs would be key for controlling M. pruinosa. In this study, the hatching of overwintered M. pruinosa eggs and falling of the first instar nymphs from trees were monitored in several areas of Korea. These data were modeled with two starting points for degree-day accumulation, 1 January and 18 March, with a lower development threshold of 10.1 °C. The egg hatching and first instar falling models both used 1 January because the starting point performed better. The 50% appearance and falling times of the first instar nymphs were predicted to be 360.50 DD and 452.23 DD from 1 January, respectively, indicating that newly hatched nymphs stayed on the trees for about a week (i.e., 91.74 DD). Using these models, changes in the population density of the first instar nymphs of M. pruinosa on the trees were simulated, and the optimal control time range targeting the nymphs on the trees was deduced. The control time for nymphs on ground plants bordering the trees was suggested by the first instar falling model, along with observations of population density on the ground plants.
Highlights
The citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae), originating in easternNorth America [1], has caused serious economic damage in many European countries and Korea [2,3].In Europe, M. pruinosa was accidentally introduced first in Italy in 1979 [4], and rapidly spread to the neighboring countries [2]
M. pruinosa adults prefer the trees with a rough surface of branches [23]; this characteristic was considered for efficient sampling when the branch samples were collected
The coefficient of variation (CV) of the degree-days accumulated from the potential starting date to the estimated first egg hatch date for eight occurrence data sets varied according to the starting dates (Figure 2)
Summary
The citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae), originating in easternNorth America [1], has caused serious economic damage in many European countries and Korea [2,3].In Europe, M. pruinosa was accidentally introduced first in Italy in 1979 [4], and rapidly spread to the neighboring countries [2]. The citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae), originating in eastern. North America [1], has caused serious economic damage in many European countries and Korea [2,3]. In Europe, M. pruinosa was accidentally introduced first in Italy in 1979 [4], and rapidly spread to the neighboring countries [2]. The rapid spread of M. pruinosa was observed in Korea. M. pruinosa was discovered in almost all regions of Korea within 10 years from its first discovery in 2009 [3,5]. The high invasiveness of M. pruinosa appeared to be most strongly related to traffic factors [3,6,7]. Its broad host range [8,9], high environmental adaptability [6], no natural enemy [10], and high susceptibility of host plants [11] in newly invaded areas might have contributed to its spread
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