Abstract
Summary A better understanding of the nutrient economy in relation to productivity is immensely important to develop a sustainable rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Fertilizer (N, P and K) use pattern for the rice-wheat system in the IGP varies greatly at the country, state, village, and farmer field level. In general, fertilizer use is conspicuously more in the western compared to the eastern IGP. Continuous government subsidies on nitrogenous fertilizers have helped create imbalanced N, P, and K fertilizer use by farmers. Removal of P and K by the rice-wheat system far exceeds its additions through fertilizers and recycling. Nitrogen from rice-wheat systems can often be lost via ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching. Nitrification acts as a key process in determining fertilizer-use-efficiency by crops as well as N losses from soils. Loss of N via ammonia volatilization can be substantial when urea is top-dressed. Placement of fertilizer N beneath the soil surfac...
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