Abstract
Ranitidine (RAN) is a commonly prescribed medication that poses ecological risks due to its potential to transform into the carcinogenic byproduct N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the environment. Herein, we synthesized a novel bismuth-coated titanium oxide (Bi-Ti4O7) electrode using a straightforward coating method and evaluated its effectiveness in the electrochemical oxidation of RAN. The Bi-Ti4O7 electrode achieved a degradation efficiency of 90.41 % for an initial RAN concentration of 10 mg/L within 120 min, greatly outperforming the pristine Ti4O7 electrode. The incorporation of Bi enhances the oxygen vacancies and charge transfer characteristics, facilitating direct electron transfer between RAN and the Bi-Ti4O7 electrode. The potential degradation pathways of RAN by the Bi-Ti4O7 electrode included C–S bond cleavage, C–N bond cleavage, and electrophilic oxidation. No NDMA was generated during the oxidation process, and the toxicity of RAN oxidation intermediates was greatly reduced. The Bi-Ti4O7 electrode demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining over 90 % degradation efficiency across 30 cycles, and showed wide applicability across different pH levels and wastewater types with negligible Bi ion release (0.148 µg/L). These results underscore the potential of Bi-Ti4O7 as an effective and sustainable solution for RAN-polluted wastewater treatment.
Published Version
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