Abstract
Lignin graphene oxide was oxidized after Kraft lignin was graphitized by thermal catalytic conversion. The reduced lignin graphene oxide was derived from lignin graphene oxide through thermal reduction treatment. These Kraft lignin, lignin graphite, lignin graphene oxide, and reduced lignin graphene oxide were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, raman microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed lignin graphite converted from Kraft lignin had fewer layers with smaller lateral size than natural graphite. Moreover, lignin graphene oxide was successfully produced from lignin graphite by an oxidation reaction with an hour-long reaction time, which has remarkably shorter reaction time than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Meanwhile, this lignin-derived graphene oxide had the same XRD, FTIR and Raman peaks as graphene oxide oxidized from natural graphite. The SEM, TEM, and AFM images showed that this lignin graphene oxide with 1–3 average layers has a smaller lateral size than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Moreover, the lignin graphene oxide can be reduced to reduced lignin graphene oxide to fabricate graphene-based aerogel, wire, and film for some potential applications.
Highlights
Lignin, as a component in the cell walls of plants, is used to strengthen their structure, and it is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth [1]
The total reaction time from lignin graphite (LG) to lignin graphene oxide (LGO) was an hour which is noticeably less than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite [19,20]
The experimental results obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed this LGO
Summary
As a component in the cell walls of plants, is used to strengthen their structure, and it is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth [1]. The effects of temperature, catalysts, particle size, material properties and material characteristics have been extensively analyzed These experiments demonstrated that high-quality nano-size multi-layer bio-graphene materials, with similar properties to current graphene products, can be successfully produced by a low cost thermal conversion process. This method can be efficiently scaled up to produce large amounts of graphene material with high yields from byproduct lignin raw materials. Graphene oxide (GO), generally produced using natural graphite with cost-effective chemical methods, has some important characteristics [15] This material, with hydrophilic groups, can be modified and reacted with other materials or additives to assemble graphene-based composites for many applications by a simple solution process. The applications of LGO/cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) aerogel, LGO/CNF film, LGO/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrical wire, and LGO/PAN fiber sheet fabricated using this synthesized LGO were developed in this study
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